Cytology Chapter 7-3

Front 1

all cells are surrounded with a thing, flexible barrier called the ____

Back 1

cell membrane

Front 2

many cells also produce a strong supporting layer around the cell membrane called the ____

Back 2

cell wall

Front 3

cell membrane regulates ____ and provides ____

Back 3

what goes in and out
protection and support

Front 4

composition of nearly all cell membranes is a double-layered sheet called the ____

Back 4

lipid bilayer

Front 5

what are embedded in cell membranes?

Back 5

proteins

Front 6

what are attached to cell membranes?

Back 6

carbohydrates

Front 7

cell walls are found in ____

Back 7

plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes

Front 8

cell walls provides ____ for the ____

Back 8

protection and support for the cell

Front 9

cell walls are made of ____

Back 9

fibers of carbohydrates and proteins

Front 10

every living cell sexists in ____ environment

Back 10

liquid

Front 11

cell membrane regulates the movement of ____ from the ____ of one side of the ____ to the liquid on the other side

Back 11

dissolved molecules
liquid
membrane

Front 12

concentration

Back 12

mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

Front 13

diffusion

Back 13

process of when molecules move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Front 14

diffusion doesn't require ____

Back 14

energy

Front 15

equilibrium

Back 15

when concentration is same throughout a system

Front 16

some particles are too strongly charged or too large to cross the ____

Back 16

liquid bilayer

Front 17

if a substance is able to diffuse across a membrane, the membrane is said to be ____ to it

Back 17

permeable

Front 18

most biological membranes are ____, meaning that some substances can pass across them and other cannot

Back 18

selectively permeable

Front 19

____ passes quite easily across most membranes, even though many solute molecules cannot

Back 19

water

Front 20

osmosis

Back 20

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 21

water will tend to move across the membrane until ____ is reached

Back 21

equilibrium

Front 22

isotonic means

Back 22

"same strength"

Front 23

hypertonic means

Back 23

"above strength"

Front 24

hyptonic means

Back 24

"below strength"

Front 25

in hypertonic solution, animal cells ____ and plant cell ____ collapse

Back 25

shrink
vacuoles

Front 26

in a hypotonic solution, animal cells ____ and ____, and the vacuoles of plant cells ____, pushing the cell contents out against the cell wall

Back 26

swell and burst
swell

Front 27

for organisms to survive, they must have a way to balance the ____ and ____ of water

Back 27

intake loss

Front 28

osmosis exerts osmotic pressure on the ____side of a selectively permeable membrane

Back 28

hypertonic

Front 29

most cells in large organisms aren't in danger of bursting. they don't come in contact with ____. instead, they are bathed in fluids, such as blood, that are ____

Back 29

fresh water, isotonic

Front 30

the isotonic fluids that cells are bathed in have ____ of ____ roughly equal to those in the cells themselves

Back 30

concentration
dissolved materials

Front 31

plant cells are surrounded by tough cell walls the prevent the cells from ____, even under tremendous ____

Back 31

expanding, osmotic pressure

Front 32

increased osmotic pressure makes the plants cells extremely ____ to ____ to their cells walls

Back 32

vulnerable, injuries

Front 33

a few molecules, such as the ____, seems to pass through the cell membrane much more quickly than they should

Back 33

sugar glucose

Front 34

how does some strongly charged or large molecules pass through the cell membrane much more quickly?

Back 34

cell membranes have protein channels that make it easy for certain molecules to cross the membrane

Front 35

red blood cells have a cell membrane ____ with an internal ____ that allows glucose to pass through it

Back 35

protein, channel

Front 36

facilitated diffusion

Back 36

movement of specific molecules across the cell membranes through protein channels

Front 37

faciliated diffusion is ____ and ____

Back 37

fast and specific

Front 38

active transport

Back 38

energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Front 39

the active transport of small molecules or ions across a cell membrane is generally carried out by ____ or "____" that are found in the ____ itself

Back 39

transport proteins or "pumps", membrane

Front 40

endocytosis

Back 40

process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane

Front 41

the pocket that results in endocytosis breaks loose from the outer portion of the cell membrane and forms a ____ within the ____

Back 41

vacuole, cytoplasm

Front 42

two examples of endocytosis

Back 42

phagocytosis
pinocytosis

Front 43

phgocytosis

Back 43

extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole

Front 44

____ uses phagocytosis to take in food

Back 44

amoebas

Front 45

engulfing material requires a considerable amount of ____

Back 45

energy

Front 46

pinocytosis

Back 46

when a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

Front 47

in pinocytosis, tiny pockets form along the cell ____, fill with ____, and pinch off to form ____ within the ____

Back 47

membrane, liquid, vacuoles, cell

Front 48

exocytosis

Back 48

when a cell release large amounts of material

Front 49

during exocytosis, the membrane of the ____ surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents ____ of the cell

Back 49

vacuole, out