Cytology

Front 1

Filaments

Back 1

attach to cell membrane and form dynamic scaffolding
maintain cell architecture
anchorage of cells to each other and extracellular matrix

Front 2

Microfilaments (actin)

Back 2

form meshwork beneath cell membrane = terminal web
core of microvilli and stereocilia
filipodia - cytoplasmic extensions for when cells ar emigrating and moving

Front 3

Intermediate filaments

Back 3

main type; keratin (epithelial), desmin (muscle), neurofilaments, glial gbrillary acid proteins (GFAP in astrocytes), nuclear lamins, vimentin (mesenchyme-derived cells)
fcn in intercellular attachment
when cells damaged, filamentous networks collapse, "walling off" cell for subsequent autophagy

Front 4

Large filaments

Back 4

myosin

Front 5

Basic Microtubule structure

Back 5

tubulin subunits polymerize into tubular structure
"motor" proteins attach to and move along microtubules
dynein = microtubule-associated ATPase
kinesin

Front 6

Microtubule function

Back 6

In presence of ATP, they slide and bend and function in:
intracellular transport
cell elongation and movement
movement of cilia and flagella
mitotic spindle

Front 7

cilia, flagella

Back 7

central pair of microtubules (axoneme) surrounded by 9 doublets
base of cilia or flagella anchored into cell by basal body

Front 8

centrioles

Back 8

9 sets of microtubule triplets radiating from central axis, no central pair
one pair of centrioles in a non-dividing cell, replicate prior to cell mitosis
microtubule organizing center consists of 1 pair of centrioles and associated proteins, is the site of microtubule production
centrioles produce microtubules

Front 9

mitotic spindle

Back 9

constructed by centriole during cell mitosis, only present during cell division
chromosomes migrate along spindle during mitosis, microtubules help chromosome movement

Front 10

genetic defects in microtubules

Back 10

immotile cilia syndrome(Karatagener's syndrome)
genetic defect in dynein (motor protein)
cilia aid in movement of cell layers during embryogenesis so there are defects in organ development and position
severe lung infections
infertility

Front 11

chemotherapy drugs

Back 11

cochicine, vinblastine, taxol, are inhibitiors of microtubule polymerization, depolymerization, and assembly

Front 12

cell inclusions

Back 12

things that are transient in the cell
secretory vesicles
pigment granules
lipids
glycogen granules
lipofucsin

Front 13

cell cycle

Back 13

cells go through 2 main phases:
growth and synthesis
cellular division

Front 14

mitosis

Back 14

=cell division = multiplication = replication
cellular DNA (chromosomes) replicate and the cell splits in two producing 2 daughter cells with identical genetic material
cells are genetically programmed for mitotic capacity, some cells such as epithelial cells and blood cells have high mitotic capacity (high turnover) while others, such as neurons, do not replicare once the cell populatoins have een established during development
cell mitotic capacity decreases with age

Front 15

meiosis

Back 15

cellular replication of gametes (sperm and ova)

Front 16

cell populations:
static
stable
renewing

Back 16

neurons, cardiac muscle = can't replicate
liver = can regenerate with proper stimulus but usually doesnt
epithelium = can be rapidly and or slowing dividing and regenerating

Front 17

cell damage and death

Back 17

cellular damage may be sub-lethal and resolution can occur, severe or unresolved damage triggers cell death

Front 18

Early Cell Damage

Back 18

first signs are swelling and vacuolization of membranous organelles (mito and ER) and loss of ribosomes causing overall decreased staining intensity (becomes pale) of cells = hydropic degeneration
Fatty degeneration: usually high energy-demand tissues, impaired FA metab results in accumulation of TAG vacuoles in cell
selective damage to cell surface, specific organelles, DNA may be sub-lethal or letheal

Front 19

necrosis

Back 19

accidental death, lysis
pyknotic nucleus: small and condensed nucleus due to progressive chromatin clumping
karyolysis: complete degeneration of nucleus, dissolutions, the nucleus just dissolves

Front 20

apoptosis

Back 20

genetically programmed controlled autodigestion
cells possess enzyme systems that cause cell dissolution but other trophic factors in the cell prevent autolysis, when these factors are inhibited either genetically or by cellular damage, cells go through different stages of apoptosis
mito release of cyt C appears to be main trigger for activation of apoptosis
cells lose surface specializations, cells round up, nucleus condenses and fragments, cells disinergrate

Front 21

Cilia, flagella

Back 21

central pair of microtubules (axoneme) surrounded by 9 doublets radiating around it
bease of it is anchored into the cell by basal body

Front 22

centrioles

Back 22

9 sets of microtubule triplets radiating from a central axis w/ no central pair
one pair of centrioles in a non-dividing cell, replicate prior to cell mitosis
microtubule organizing center consists of 1 pair of centrioles and associated protein. is the site of microtubule production

Front 23

mitotic spindle

Back 23

constructed by centriole during cell mitosis, only present during cell division
chromosomes migrate along spindle during mitosis, microtubules help chromosome movement

Front 24

genetic defects in microtubules

Back 24

immotile cili syndrome (kartgener's syndrome)
genetic defect in dyenein (motor protein)
cilia aid in movement of cell layers during embryogenesis so there are defects in organ developmental positions
severe lung infections
infertility

Front 25

chemotherapy drugs

Back 25

colchicine, vinblastine, taxol are inhibitors of microtubule polymerization, depolymerizatoin and assembly

Front 26

cell inclusions

Back 26

things that are transient in the cell
secretory vesicles
pigment granules
lipids
glycogen granules
lipofucsin

Front 27

cell cycle

Back 27

cells go through 2 main phases:
growth and synthesis
cellular division

Front 28

mitosis

Back 28

= cell division = multiplication = replication
cellular DNA (chromosomes) replicate and the cell splits in two producing 2 daughter cells with identical gentic material
cells are genetically programmed for mitotic capacity. some cells such as epithelial cells and blood cells have a high mitotic capacity
cell mitotic capacity decrease with age

Front 29

meiosis

Back 29

cellular replication of gametes (sperm and ova)

Front 30

Cell populations:
static
stable
renewing

Back 30

neurons, cardiac muscle = cannot replicate
liver - can regenerate w/ proper stimulus
epithelium = can rapidly or slowly regenerate

Front 31

cell damage and death

Back 31

can be sub-lethal or resolution can occur, severe or unresolved damage triggers cell death

Front 32

early cell damage: hydrophobic degeneration

Back 32

first signs are swelling and vacuoliation of membranous organelles (mito, ER) and loss of ribosomes causing an overall decreased staininjg intensity (become pale) of cells

Front 33

early cell damage:
Fatty Degeneration

Back 33

usually in high-energ demand tissues, imparied FA metabolism results in accumulation of TAG vacuoles in cell

Front 34

early cell damgage

Back 34

selective damage to cell surface, specific organelles, DNA may be sub-lethal

Front 35

necrosis

Back 35

accidental death, lysis

Front 36

Pyknotic nucleus

Back 36

small and condensed nucleus due to progressive chromatin clumping

Front 37

Karyolysis

Back 37

complete degeneration of nucleus, dissolutions, the nucleus just dissolves

Front 38

Apoptosis

Back 38

genetically programmed autodigestion
cells possess enzyme systems that cause cell dissolution but other trophic factors in the cell prevent autolysis. when these factors are inhibited either genetically or by cellular damage, cells go through different stages of apoptosis
mito release of Cyt C appears to the main trigger for activation of apoptosis
cells lose surface specializations, cells round up, nucleus condenses and fragments, and cell disintegrates