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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytokines
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Small soluble proteins that regulate immune system; innate and adaptive.
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CMI
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Cell mediated immunity. Non specific; no memory.
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Autocrine
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Produced by the cell that stimulates the same cell to grow.
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Paracrine
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Secretions such as cytokines that affect only target cells in close proximity.
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Endocrine
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Internal secretions of substances such as hormones or cytokines directly into bloodstream that causes systemic effects.
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Interlukins
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Unrelated cytokines that must satisfy 3 criteria: 1) Must have their genes cloned. 2) Must be inducible by leukocytes. 3) Biological activities in inflammatory processes must be catalogued.
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Pleiotropic
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Having many different effects.
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Redundancy
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Different cytokines with the same effect.
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Innate immune response
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Nonspecific, occurs within hours of interaction with microorganism.
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What are cytokines secreted by?
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Wbc's and a variety of cells.
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IL-1 is produced by ______
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Phagocytyes
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IL-1 family consists of _______
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IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-RA
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What is IL-1RA?
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Receptor antagonist.
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What type of cytokines are IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta?
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Proinflammatory.
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What cells produce IL-1 alpha and IL -1 beta?
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Monocytes and macrophages.
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Endogenous pyrogen
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Normal serum proteins that increase rapidly as a result of an infection, injury, or trauma to tissue.
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IL-1 induces the production of _________
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Vascular cell-adhesion molecules as well as chemokines and IL-6
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Diapedis
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Chemokines and cell-adhesion molecules attract and assist leukocytes to enter the inflamed area.
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What does IL-1 induce the production of in bone marrow?
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Production of colony stimulating factors, which increases the available number of phagocytic cells that respond.
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What is IL-1RA produced by?
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Monocytes and macrophages.
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Function of IL-1RA
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Blocks IL-1 receptors which helps regulate physiological response.
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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
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A major mediator of the innate defense against gram - bacteria.
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What forms does TNF-alpha exist in?
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Membrane bound and soluble.
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What does TNF-alpha do?
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Causes vasodilation and increases vasopermeability.
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What is the main trigger for TNF-alpha?
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Presence of lipopolysaccharides found in gram neg bacteria.
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What can TNF activate?
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T cells.
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TNF-alpha has ability to induce expression of _________
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MHC class II.
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What happens when TNF is secreted in high levels?
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Can lead to septic shock, increase in blood pressure, blood flow reduction, chronic secretion, and break down of muscle and fat.
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TNF-alpha and IL-1 are both present in what medical conditions?
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Rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's Disease.
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IL-6
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Single protein produced by both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types.
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What does IL-6 play a role in?
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Part of the cytokine cascade release in response to LPS and plays role in acute phase reactions and adaptive immune response.
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What triggers secretion of IL-6?
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IL-1.
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What does IL-6 affect?
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Inflammation, acute phase reactants, immunoglobulin synthesis, and activation of B and T cells.
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What does IL-6 stimulate in B cells?
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Differentiation into plasma cells and induces CD4 T cells to produce greater quantities of both pro and anti inflammatory cytokines.
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Chemokines
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Family of cytokines that enhance motility and promote migration of many types of WBC's toward source of chemokines. Aka chemotaxis.
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How are chemokines classified into groups?
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Classified into 4 groups based on position of cytosine residues.
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Alpha chemokine
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CXC - co rains a single amino acid between the first and second cytesines.
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Beta chemokines.
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CC - adjacent cytesine residues.
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C chemokines.
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Lack one cytosine.
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CX3C cytosines
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3 amino acids between the cytesines.
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What do chemokines play a role in?
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Initiation and development of inflammatory responses in number pus disease processes.
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What cytokines induce chemokine production?
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TNF-alpha and IL-6.
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Which receptors use HIV to invade into cells?
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CCR5 and CXCR5.
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Integrins
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Cell adhesion molecules.
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Ligand
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A molecule that binds to a specific receptor.
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What causes HIV to slow down invasion into cells?
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Variations of receptors.
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What polymorphisms block HIV ability to bind and enter into T cells?
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RANTES and SDF1.
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Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-Beta)
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A cytokine that induces antiproliferative activity in a variety of cell types and down regulation of the inflammatory response.
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What are the three isoforms of TGF-beta?
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TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3.
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What kind of cytokine function does TGF-B have?
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Autocrine.
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How does TGF-B play role in inflammatory response?
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Acts as a control to help down regulate the inflammatory response when no longer needed.
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What makes TGF-B?
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Thymocytes and T helper 2 cells.
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TGF-B inhibits activation of _____
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Macrophages.
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What cells does TGF-B target?
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T, white, and inflammatory cells.
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TGF-B blocks production of _____ and _____.
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IL-12 and IFN-y.
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What does TGF-B prevent?
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Cloning B cells and provisions of tumor cells.
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Interferons
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Cytokines produced by T cells and other lines that inhibit viral synthesis or act as immune regulators.
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What are the type 1 interferons?
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IFN-A and IFN-B.
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What are type 1 INF produced by?
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Dendritic cells.
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What cells do IFN-A and IFN-B stimulate?
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NK cells.
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IFN-A and IFN-B enhance expression of ________.
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MHC Class II.
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IFN has been purified to use as treatment for ______.
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Cancer.
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INF-alpha is used for treatments of ______, _______, _______, and _______.
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Hepatitis C and Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma.
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INF-beta is used to treat _______.
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MS.
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Function of cytokines in the innate adaptive immune response.
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Increase acute phase reactants and to recruit white cells to area of infection.
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Adaptive immune response.
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Host response to foreign agents that depends on T and B lymphocytes and is characterized by specificity, memory, and recognition of self versus nonself.
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What are cytokines in the adaptive response secreted by?
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T cells, especially T helper cells.
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What are the 3 main subclasses of Th cells?
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Th1, Th2, and Treg (T regulatory cells).
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What happens once TCR captures antigen?
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Clonal expansion of those particular CD4+ T helper cells.
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Th1 lineage is driven by ____________________________.
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Expression of IL-12 by dendritic cells.
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What is Th1 responsible for?
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Cell mediated immunity.
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What is Th2 responsible for?
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Antibody-mediated immunity.
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Treg cells are derived from _____.
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IL-10.
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What do Treg cells regulate?
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Th1 and Th2.
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What are Th1 cytokines produced by?
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T cells when stimulated by IL-12.
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What is IL-12 produced by?
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Dendritic cells and phagocytes.
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IL-12 is made in response to what?
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Mycobacterium, intercellular bacteria, and viruses.
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What can Th1 stimulate?
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NK cells.
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What 2 cytokines are made by Th1?
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INF-gamma and IL-2.
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Role of IFN-Gamma.
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Regulates and activates T cells and NK cells.
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IFN-Gamma stimulates ______________________.
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Antigen presentation by MHC I and MHC II.
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Which cells do IFN-Gamma enhance the function of?
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Phagocytes.
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Another name for IL-2.
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T cell growth factor.
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Function of IL-2.
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Drives the growth and differentiation of T and B cells and lytic activity of NK cells.
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If IL-2 and IFN-Gamma induce the development of Th1 cells, they are involved in ___________________.
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Delayed type hypersensitivity.
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Th1 cells stimulate the production of ______ and ______.
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IgG1 and IgG3: opsinization and complement fixing antibodies.
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IL-2 alone can activate proliferation of what?
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Th2 cells and helps generate IgG1 and IgE producing cells.
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Mutations of Gamma chain.
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X-linked severe immunodeficiency syndrome and lack functional b and T cells.
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IL-4
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Th2 cytokine that helps drive antibody responses in a variety of diseases.
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Where is the IL-4 receptor expressed?
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Lymphocytes and numerous nonhematopoietic cell types.
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Th2 cells are responsible for regulating what aspects of the immune response?
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Allergies, autoimmune diseases, and fighting off parasites.
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IL-4 causes class switching of which immunoglobulins?
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IgG and IgE.
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IL-4 promotes activation of __________.
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Eosinophils.
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Function of IL-10.
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Anti-inflammatory and suppressive effects on Th1 cells.
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What does IL-10 inhibit?
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Antigen presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells.
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What does IL-10 stimulate?
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CD8+ T cells.
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IL-10 inhibits production of _______.
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IFN-Gamma.
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How does IL-10 differ from most other cytokines?
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Serves as an antagonist to IFN-gamma; its a down regulator of the immune response.
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Treg cells.
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CD4+ and CD25+.
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Types of Treg cells.
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IL-10 and TGF-beta.
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Adaptive T reg 1 cells. (TR1)
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CD4+ T cells induced from antigen-activated naive T cells under influence of IL-10. Exert suppressive activities.
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Function of Treg cells.
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Down regulation of immune response and prevents chronic inflammation.
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Which cells do Tregs exert suppressive activities on?
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Th1 and Th2 cells.
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Colony stimulating factors.
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A protein in human serum that promotes monocytes differentiation.
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Erythropoietin.
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A colony stimulating factor that increases red blood cell production in bone marrow.
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IL-3
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CSF that induces CD34+ bone marrow stem cells to form T and B cells.
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What do athletes abuse?
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Erythropoietin.
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Clinical uses of cytokines.
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Can make mononuclear antibodies, can bind to certain cytokines and prevent necrosis and psoriasis, and can be used to prevent spread of TB.
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TB is controlled by what immunity?
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Cell mediated, therefore driven by Th1 cytokines.
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ELISA.
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Involves enzyme and monoclonal technology. Level of cytokine: have to make antibody highly specific. Attach to solid surface by fc portion. This leaves fab portion ready to bind. Then, specimen is added and cytokine will bind to antigen. Incubated under conditions of 37 degrees C. Humidified CO2. Anything unbound will wash off. Enzyme alkaline phosphate is bound to antibody. Substrate changes color in the presence of enzyme labeled antibody bound to the cytokine.
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Purpose of ELISA.
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Used to determine level of cytokines.
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