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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological Factors
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Genetic, neurological, or physical conditions that affect the development of an individual
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Environmental Factors
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the specific situations that an individual experiences and that influence behavior and development
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Socio-Cultural context
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the general features of the society in which an individual resides: the social context is environmental, meaning that it acts on the individual from the outside. However, it also is broader, meaning that it is not unique to the individual, but rather affects all members in a particular society.
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Maturation
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developmental changes that are linked closely to biological events
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Learning
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developmental changes that are dependent on a person’s interactions with the environment
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Physical domain
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those aspects of the development that involve changes in physical shape and size, as well as changes in brain structure, sensory capabilities, and motor skills
Cognitive domain: those aspects of development that involve the acquisition of skills in perceiving, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving, as well as the intricate development and use of language |
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Personality domain
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those aspects of development that involve acquiring relatively stable and enduring traits, as well as a sense of self as an individual
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Sociocultural domain
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those aspects of development comprised of socialization and enculturation
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Darwin
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evolution (the process through which species change across generations)/natural selection (the theory originated by Darwin of survival of the fittest, where better adapted individuals survive to reproduce, thereby transferring their genes to their offspring and into future generations
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ID
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impulses, which motivate the individual to seek pleasure or to avoid pain
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Ego
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the rational and conscious part of our personality, attempts to reconcile id demands with superego prohibitions, while at the same time helping the individual function successfully in his or her social environment
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Superego
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triggers an individual’s conscience to feel guilty when social norms are violated
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Oral psychosexual stage
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Birth – 18months the infanct experiences pleasure from stimulation of the mouth, lips, and oral activities, especially sucking
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Anal psychosexual stage
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18 months – 3 years, the child’s pleasure focuses on the anus and the elimination functions
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Phallic psychosexual stage
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3 years – 6 years, the child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals, especially through masturbation
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Latency psychosexual stage
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6 years – 12 years, the child represses sexual interests and instead focuses on developing cognitive and interpersonal skills
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Genital psychosexual stage
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12 years and up, adolescence triggers the reemergence of sexual impulses, with gratification dependent on finding a partner
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Erikson's psychosexual theory
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Erikson’s view that social interactions with others shape the development of personality
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Piaget Cognitive developmental theory
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an approach that focuses on the development of thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
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Vygotsky's social cognitive theory
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the importance of the social context within the child’s development, children’s learning things through shared meanings
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Macrosystem
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Town, school, community, (BIG)
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Microsystem
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Family (Small)
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Case study
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the compilation of detailed information on an individual, a family, or a community through interviews, observations, and formal testing
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naturalistic observations
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the observational method in which researchers go into everyday settings and observe and record behavior while being as unobtrusive as possible
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laboratory observation
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the observational method in which researchers set up controlled situations designed to elicit the behavior of interest
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questionnaires
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a paper and pencil method that asks respondents to answer questions about past or present behavior, attitudes, preferences, opinions, feelings, and so forth
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survey
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a questionnaire administered to a large group
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interviews
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a questionnaire that is administered verbally, usually in a one-on-one setting
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representative sampling
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selecting a sample from a larger population so that the sample represents, or mirrors, the population in every important way
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longitudinal study
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a study in which the same participants are studied at various points in time to see how they change as they age
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cross-sectional designs
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a study that compares individuals of different ages at one point in time
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correlation
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a research technique that describes the relationship, or correspondence, between two variables
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replication
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systematic repetitions of an experiment to describe if the findings are valid and if they can be generalized
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independent variable
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the variable in an experiment that is manipulated in order to observe its effects on the depended variable
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dependent variable
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the variable in an experiment that changes as a result of manipulating the independent variable
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cell
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the smallest self-contained structures in the human body
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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a large, complex molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosophorus that contains the genetic code that regulates the functioning and development of an organism
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Base (Adenine, thyamine, cytosine, guanine)
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a nitrogen-carbon-hydrogen component of nucelotides
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Base pairs
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a rung in the DNA ladder; the base adenine pairs only with the base thymine, the base cytosine pairs only with the base guanine
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genes
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the basic units of inheritance that are composed of sequences of base pairs within the DNA of an organism
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chromosome
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a chain of genes visible under a microscope; humans normally have 46 chromosomes
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sex chromosomes
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in humans, the 23rd chromosome pair, which determines sex
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mitosis
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the process of ordinary cell division that results in two cells identical to the parent cell
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meiosis
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-the process of cell division that yields sperm and ova, each including one half of a full set of chromosomes
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gametes
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reproductive cells (ova and sperm) that are formed by the process of meiosis
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genotype
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the genetic code of a given individual
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dominant genes
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in genetics, one gene of a gene pair that will cause a particular trait to be expressed
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recessive genes
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in genetics, one of a gene pair that determines a trait in an individual only if the other member of that pair is also recessive
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phenotypes
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in genetics, those traits that are expressed in the individual
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mutation
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an alteration in the DNA that typically occurs during mitosis or meiosis and is therefore transmitted to subsequent cells through cell division
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congenital anomolies
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birth defects, bnormalities that result from genetic and chromosomal problems as well as from exposure to toxins, disease, and such during the prenatal period
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sex-linked disorders
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occurs when gametes are not dividing or reproducing correctly, androgonous issues, chromosomal breakage that could produce a brain deficiency or developmental problem
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autosomal disorders
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down syndrom, chromosomal defect or possible additional chromosomes
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heritability
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the extent to which a trait is inherited versus acquired, thus presuming a genetic basis; note that heritability estimates are influenced by the environments in which they are considered
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habituation
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ceasing to attend or respond to repetitive stimulation; occurs at several levels, from sensation to perception to higher cognition
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behavioral conditioning
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a method that uses conditioning procedures-such as reinforcement, reward, and shaping-to change behavior
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transmisssion of culture
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family transmits culture and social expectations to the child, how they should act, what they should do, etc.
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normative age graded influences
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the biological and social changes that normally happen at predictable ages (puberty, menopause, entering school)
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normative history graded influences
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the historical events that affect large numbers of individuals at the same time (wars, depressions, epidemics)
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non-normative inflences
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the individual environmental factors that do not occur at any predictable time in a person’s life (divorce, unemployment, career changes)
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trimesters
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prenatal development is described in these, breaking the nine months of a mother’s pregnancy into three segments
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periods
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the developmental description of dividing up the prenatal time of a child’s development in to three periods; germinal, embryonic, and fetal
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germinal period
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after conception, the period of very rapid cell division and initial cell differentiation lasting for approximately two weeks
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ovulation
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the release of an ovum into one of the two fallopian tubes; occurs approximately 14 days after menstruation
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fallopian tubes
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two passages that open out of the upper part of the uterus and carry ova from the ovary to the uterus
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uterus
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the structure that contains and nourishes the embryo and fetus
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fertilization
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the union of an ovum and a sperm; also called conception
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zygote
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the first cell of a human being that occurs as a result of fertilization; a fertilized ovum
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monozygote twins
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identical twins that result from the division of a singled fertilized ovum
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dizygotic twins
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fraternal twins that result from the fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm
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embryonic period
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the second prenatal period, which lasts from implantation to the end of the second month after conception; all the major structures and organs of the individual are formed at this time
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embryo
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from the Greek term for swell; refers to the developing baby from the period of implantation to the end of the second month- from 2 to 8 weeks
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placenta
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a disk shaped mass of tissue that forms along the wall of the uterus through which the embryo receives nutrients and discharges waste
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umbilical cord
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the rope of tissue that connects the placenta to the embryo; this rope contains two fetal arteries and one fetal vein
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amniotic sac
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a fluid filled membrane that encloses the developing embryo or fetus
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amniotic fluid
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fluid contained in the amniotic sac that cushions and helps protect the embryo or fetus
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fetal period
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the final period of prenatal development, lasting from the end of the second month after conception until birth; during this period, organ systems mature and become functional
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fetus
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French term for pregnant or fruitful; refers to the developing baby from the end of the second month of gestation until birth
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age of viability
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the age (presently about 24 weeks) at which the fetus has a 50% chance of surviving outside the womb
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cephalocaudal trend
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the sequence of growth that occurs first in the head and progresses downward
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proximodistal trend
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the sequence of growth that occurs from the midline of the body outward
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gross-to-specific trend
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the tendency to react to body stimuli with generalized, whole-body movements at first, with these responses becoming more local and specific later
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maternal age and maternal health
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a mother’s age and health affects the baby, age/ too young the body is not developmentally ready for a baby/ too old the ova is too old and is possibly damaged
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prenatal care
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very important, need at least 5 doctor visits to make sure the baby is in good condition
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critical periods
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the period of development during which the effect of a teratogen occurs
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teratogen
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toxic agent of any kind that potentially causes abnormalities in the developing child
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maternal disease
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can be passed on to fetus
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prescription and OTC drugs
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many medicines cannot be consumed during pregnancy due to the passing of those on to the fetus
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fetal alcohol syndrom
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a set of congenital abnormalities, including small size, low birth weight, certain facial characteristics, and possible mental retardation that result from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
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tobacco use during pregnancy
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can cause low birth weight
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cocaine and amphetemine drugs
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child goes through same withdraw as an adult as a baby, developmental delays and mental retardation
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initial labor
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the first stage of labor, during which the cervical opening of the uterus begins to dilate to allow for passage of the baby
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false labor
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also called Braxton-hicks contractions; contractions that generally diminish if the mother walks
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episiotomy
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an incision to enlarge the vaginal opening
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afterbirth
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the third and last stage of childbirth, typically occurs within 20 minutes after delivery, during which the placenta and the umbilical cord are expelled from the uterus
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midwife
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a woman who is experienced in childbirth, with or without training, who assets with home delivery
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traditional childbirth
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hospital labor delivery
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natural or prepared childbirth
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childbirth based on procedures developed by fernand Lamaze, a French obstetrician
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birthing center
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place designed to accommodate the entire birth process, from labor through delivery and recovery
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ultrasound
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a technique that uses sound waves to produce a picture of the fetus in the uterus
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amniocentesis
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the withdrawal and analysis of amniotic fluid with a syringe to obtain discarded fetal cells for testing
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fetal monitor
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the external monitor records the intensity of uterine contractions and the baby’s heartbeat by means of two belts placed around the mother’s abdomen. The internal monitor consists of a plastic tube containing electrodes that is inserted through the vagina and attached to the baby’s head
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breech presentation
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the baby’s position in the uterus where the head will emerge last; assistance is sometimes needed in such cases to prevent injury to the infant, including anoxia
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cesarean section
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surgical procedure used to remove the baby and the placenta from the uterus by cutting through the abdominal wall
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apgar scoring system
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a standard scoring system that allows physicians to evaluate an infant’s condition quickly and objectively
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preterm status
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an infant born before a gestation period of 35 weeks
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small for dates
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a full term newborn who weighs less than 5 pounds 8 ounces
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