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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mean arterial pressure = __ x __
Cardiac output = __ x __ |
Mean arterial pressure = Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume |
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What is Hypertension and what are its causes?
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Hypertension is elevated blood pressure. 140/90
Essential Hypertension is idiopathic (90-95%). Secondary Hypertension has renal, endocrine, cardiovascular and neurological causes. |
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What are the risk factors for hypertension?
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Genetic predisposition
Stress Obesity Physical inactivity Smoking Heavy sodium consumption Diabetes |
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What are the effects of chronic hypertension?
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Accelerates atherogenesis
Aortic dissection Cerebrovacular hemorrhage. Important risk factor in coronary heart disease & cerebrovascular accidents Cardiac hypertrophy → heart failure Renal failure |
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How does stress affect BP?
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Stress → ↑sympathetic NS → α-adrenergic nervous stimulation → vasoconstriction → increased peripheral resistance → increased BP
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What is a stroke?
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A Stroke (cerebrovascular accident) is an abnormality of the brain caused by pathological process in the blood vessels e.g. occlusion.
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What are the risk factors for a stroke?
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Age
Male Obesity Sedentary lifestyle High saturated fat diet Hypertension Diabetes Family Hx Smoking Carotid artery stenosis |
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What are the symptoms of hypertension?
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Mostly asymptomatic but secondary pathology or co-morbidities may lead to investigation into BP.
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Name the humoral factors that influence peripheral resistance?
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Vasoconstictors include:
Angiotensin II catecholamines Thromboxane Leukotrienes Endothelin ADH/vasopressin Vasodilators include: NO Prostacyclin ANP BNP Bradykinin |
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Explain how baroreceptors react to and their effects on high blood pressure.
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Increased BP→ increased baroreceptor firing → decreased NE & increased Ach (CVS control centre in medulla) → vasodilation, decreased heart rate, decreased force of contraction of myocardium → decreased peripheral resistance and cardiac output → decreased BP
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