Cva Final Endocrine

Front 1

endocrine organs from ectoderm

Back 1

Pituitary Gland; Pineal Gland; Aminogenic Tissue & Adrenal Medulla

Front 2

endocrine organs of mesodermal origin

Back 2

steroidogenic tissue of the adrenal cortex; endocrine gonads

Front 3

endocrine glands from endoderm

Back 3

thyroid; parathyroids; ultimobranchial glands; thymus; pancreas

Front 4

pituitary gland is located in the ___ and suspended from the ____ by a stalk like structure called the____

Back 4

sella turcica ; diencephalon; infundibular stalk

Front 5

connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus & allows hypothalamus to exert control over pituitary by blood borne factors

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infundibular stalk

Front 6

hormones made from the pituitary gland that affects other hormone producing organs

Back 6

Tropic

Front 7

two portions of the pituitary

Back 7

ADENOhypophysis & NEUROhypophysis

Front 8

another name for neurohypophysis

Back 8

posterior pituitary

Front 9

develops as an outgrowth of the floor of the diencephalon.

Back 9

neurohypophysis

Front 10

three regions the post. pituitary develops into:

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Pars Nervosa; Median Eminence; Infundibular stalk

Front 11

stores “hormones” produced by the hypothalamus.

Back 11

post pituitary

Front 12

___ cells of the hypothalamus are modified neurons whose axons secrete into Pars Nervosa and are stored as ____ ____ and are released into capillary beds when needed by the body

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Neurosecretory; Hering Bodies

Front 13

hormones stored as hering bodies

Back 13

ADH and Oxytocin.

Front 14

another name for adenohypophysis

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anterior pituitary

Front 15

arises from an evagination of the stomodeum.

Back 15

ant pituitary

Front 16

In amniotes, sharks, and some bony fishes this evagination is a hollow pouch called

Back 16

Rathkeʼs Pouch.

Front 17

3 portions of the ant. pituitary

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Pars Distalis, Pars Intermedia, and Pars Tuberalis

Front 18

ant. pituitary is rich in ___ __cells

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secretory epithelial

Front 19

ant pituitary secretions controlled by factors travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary by way of a special circulatory loop called __ __ __ __

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Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal Tract

Front 20

hormones of the adenohypophysis

Back 20

Somatotropin (GH), Thyrotropin (TSH), Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) (LH & FSH), Prolactin (PRL), and Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH).

Front 21

Another name for the pineal gland

Back 21

Epiphysis Cerebrei

Front 22

evagination of the epithalamus that has developed from the median eye.

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Pineal gland

Front 23

produces several hormones and this production is typically based on photic
stimulation.

Back 23

pineal gland

Front 24

two hormones produced by the pineal gland

Back 24

serotonin and melatonin

Front 25

hormone for normal brain physiology.

Back 25

serotonin

Front 26

hormone for establishment for circadian rhthyms.

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melatonin

Front 27

tetrapod adrenal gland consists of two distinct tissue components:

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Aminogenic and steroidogenic tissue

Front 28

produces catecholamines and makes up the adrenal medulla in mammals; derivative of ______

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Aminogenic tissue; ectoderm

Front 29

produces a variety of steroid based hormones and makes up the adrenal cortex.; derived from ___

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Steroidogenic tissue; mesoderm

Front 30

have aminogenic tissue arranged into
clusters along the length of the postcardinal veins.

Back 30

Lampreys and Elasmobrachs

Front 31

aminogenic cells in association with the heart and many major blood vessels

Back 31

hagfish

Front 32

have their aminogenic tissue located along the dorsal aorta.

Back 32

lungfish

Front 33

the aminogenic tissue is generally found near the anterior end of
the kidneys interspersed amid steroidogenic tissue.

Back 33

teleost

Front 34

in __both tissue types are loosely arranged into a diffuse “gland” on the ventral aspect of the kidney.

Back 34

anurans

Front 35

most ___ have discrete adrenal glands located at or near the cranial aspect of the kidneys.

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amniotes

Front 36

in __ & ___the two tissue types are interspersed within a capsule

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crocs and birds

Front 37

in __ aminogenic tissue encompasses the steroidogenic tissue.

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lizards

Front 38

in __the situation is variable.
1] In some, such as primates, steroidogenic tissue forms a capsule
around aminogenic tissue.

Back 38

mammals

Front 39

Aminogenic cells are of the same lineage as are ___ ___ of the sympathetic division; Both are derived from __ __ __

Back 39

postganglionic neurons; neural crest ectoderm.

Front 40

third type of sympathetic ganglion.

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aminogenic cells

Front 41

aminogenic cells receive axons from preganglionic neurons and produce
__/__ and __/__

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epinephrine/adrenaline; norepinepherine/noradrenaline.

Front 42

In the case of the secretion from aminogenic tissue these products are called __

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Sympathomimetic.

Front 43

Aminogenic cells are also referred to as __ __

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Chromaffin Cells.

Front 44

Unlike aminogenic tissue that is controlled by preganglionic neurons,
steroidogenic tissue is controlled by ___ hormones.

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tropic

Front 45

steroidogenic tissue arises from the genital ridge and underlying __ __

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nephrogenic mesoderm.

Front 46

Steroidogenic cells are ___ cells as is typical for a gland

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epithelial

Front 47

steroidogenic cell's secretions are termed __ since the steroidogenic tissue of the adrenal gland is located in the adrenal cortex.

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Corticosteroids

Front 48

aud--, aur--

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hear

Front 49

cortex has three layers? and each layer produces a different group of hormones

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Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasiculata
Zona Reticularis

Front 50

__ __ is the superficial layer and produces __ such as aldosterone

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Zona Glomerulosa; Mineralocorticoids

Front 51

__ __ is the middle layer and produces __ such as
hydrocortisone and cortisol.

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Zona Fasiculata; Glucocorticoids

Front 52

__ __ is the deepest layer and produces ___

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Zona Reticularis; Gonadocorticoids

Front 53

endocrine gonads (2)

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testes and ovaries

Front 54

In the testest...Within the c.t. surrounding the seminiferous tubules are small clusters of epithelial endocrine cells called the __ __ _ __

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Interstitial Cells of Leydig

Front 55

__ __ __ __produce the male sex hormone testosterone.

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Interstitial Cells of Leydig

Front 56

the __ produces the female sex hormone estrogen.

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ovary

Front 57

__ allows for the maintenance of secondary female sexual
characteristics and helps to regulate the reproductive cycle.

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estrogen

Front 58

ovary will also produce the female sex hormone ___

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progesterone

Front 59

function for progesterone is known only for __; It plays a role in ovulation and in maintaining the endometrial
thickening for implantation of the embryo.

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mammals

Front 60

develops from epithelial cells located on the floor of the pharynx

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thyroid

Front 61

Initially the thyroid was just a few, scattered cells that could accumulate iodine and produce __

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Thyroxine

Front 62

In some ___ thyroid is composed of only a few clusters of cells along the ventral aorta on the pharyngeal floor

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teleosts

Front 63

In most __ it arises as a median evagination of the floor of
the second pharyngeal pouch.

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tetrapods

Front 64

thyroid will develop into a paired gland in __ & ___ ___

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placental and marsupial mammals.

Front 65

In other tetrapods such as monotremes, turtles, snakes, and a few bird species it is a singular structure often called a__ __

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“median thyroid”.

Front 66

In all vertebrates the thyroid produces __

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thyroxine

Front 67

Thyroxine is produced by the __ __

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Follicular Cells

Front 68

Follicular cells are arranged into hollow spheres called __

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follicles

Front 69

Thyroxine is dumped into the lumen of the follicle where it is stored until needed as a colloidal mass called __

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Thyroglobulin

Front 70

release of thyroxine is controlled by a secretion of the anterior pituitary called __

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TSH

Front 71

Mammals also produce another hormone called __

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Calcitonin

Front 72

Calcitonin is produced by __ __

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Parafollicular Cells

Front 73

__ __ are arranged into small clusters between the follicles.

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Parafollicular cells

Front 74

__ regulates blood-calcium levels; causes an increase in the storage of calcium when blood-calcium levels are high.

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Calcitonin

Front 75

also arise as evaginations of the pharyngeal floor.

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Parathyroids

Front 76

__ have four, two pairs, on the posterior surface of the thyroid.

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Humans

Front 77

__ have two parathyroids, one pair.

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Crocodilians

Front 78

Some __ have six parathyroids arranged into three pairs.

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reptiles

Front 79

parathyroids produce__ __ which helps to regulate blood-calcium levels

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Front 80

__ __ develop from the last pair of pharyngeal pouches; These glands produce calcitonin.

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Ultimobranchial glands

Front 81

Ultimobranchial glands are present in all gnathostomes excepting__

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mammals

Front 82

Mammalian ultimobranchial glands migrate into the thyroid and become the __ __

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parafollicular cells

Front 83

___ is a lymphoid organ that in birds and mammals will also have an
endocrine role

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thymus

Front 84

thymus in mammals and birds produces the hormone __ that serves to stimulate the immune response.

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Thymosin

Front 85

thymus is basically a c.t. capsule filled with __ & __

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lymphocytes and macrophages

Front 86

main lymphoid role is to serve as the site of ____ cell maturation

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T cell

Front 87

As T cell production decreases the ___ of the thymus is progressively replaced by adipose and the organ degenerates

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parenchyma

Front 88

In many young birds an evagination of the cloaca forms the __ __ __ and supplements the thymus in the immune system.

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Bursa of Fabricus

Front 89

___ serves both an exocrine and an endocrine role.

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Pancreas

Front 90

Pancreas arises as an ___ evagination of the ___

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endodermal ; foregut

Front 91

___ cells are secretory cells are exocrine and produce a variety of substances that aid in digestion in the pancreas; their product is called ____

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Acinar Cells; Pancreatic Juice.

Front 92

in __ the two cell populations (endocrine & exocrine cells of pancreas) are located so far apart as
to allow for no true pancreas.

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Agnathans

Front 93

In many __ __ the two components (endocrine & exocrine cells of pancreas) are more or less
separate.

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jawed fishes

Front 94

In ___ we see the endocrine pancreas arranged as small
clusters of cells amid the exocrine pancreas called__ __ __ or __ __

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mammals; Isles of Langerhans; Pancreatic Isles.

Front 95

endocrine pancreas in most vertebrates produces the hormones __ & __ which both regulate blood-glucose levels.

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insulin and glucagons

Front 96

__causes glucose to be stored as glycogen when blood-glucose levels
are high.

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Insulin

Front 97

___ causes glucose to be released from glycogen into the blood
when blood-glucose levels are low.

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Glucagon

Front 98

___ and __ are most likely the phylogenetically oldest of
the hormones.

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insulin and glucagons

Front 99

with discrete endocrine organs the endocrine system also consists of
numerous unicellular endocrine glands distributed throughout the body in the ___ ___ system

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Diffuse Endocrine System

Front 100

the __ cells of the digestive tube secrete a variety of
hormones that play a role in digestive physiology.

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enteroendocrine