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285 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rigid cartilaginous rod defining the longitudinal axis in the embryo. Also the first skeletal feature to appear.
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Notochord
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subphyla of tunicates and sea squirts
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Urochordata
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A body cavity that houses the visceral organs of the trunk
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Coelem
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horizontal plane dividing the body to inferior and superior portions
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Transverse plane
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Divide the body to left and right portions
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Sagittal
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Divide the body anterior and posterior portions
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Frontal Plane
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Serial repetition of structures along the axis of the body
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Metamerism
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In mammals remnants of the notochord will remain as portions of the intervertebral discs
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Nucleus Pulposus
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Extensions of the notochord that will be lateral to the spinal cord.
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Lateral Neural Cartilages
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Hollow center of the vertebrate nerve cord
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Neurocoel
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Dorsal groove to the notochord (does not form in agnathans); sinks into the embryonic body and close off
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Neural Groove; Neural Tube
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Replaces Neural Groove in Agnathans and Neopterygians. Wedge shaped ectodermal structure dorsal to the notochord
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Neural Keel
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organ function as gills in fish, lungs in tetrapods
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pharynx
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pharyngeal pouch 1
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Eustachian Tube
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The first pharyngeal arch
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Mandibular Arch
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Second pharyngeal arch
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Hyoid arch
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Coelom that houses the heart
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Pericardial cavity
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Coelom that houses the rest of the viscera
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pleuroperitoneal cavity
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In tetrapods, the fibrous ct that separates the pericardial and pleuralperitoneal cavities
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Transverse Septum
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Coelom of the heart in birds and mammals
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Pericardial and thoracic cavity
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Coelom of the lungs in birds and mammals
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Pleural cavity
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Cellular junctions which bind cells to one another
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Desmosomes, Tight and Gap are other two
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Stratified epithelium made of variably shaped cells such that in urinary bladder
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Transitional cells
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Structures of epithelial cells which secrete aqueous fluid product
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Glands
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Secrete their products into ducts
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Exocrine glands (salivary)
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Do not secrete their products into ducts "ductless glands" products are released into the bloodstream
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Endocrine glands
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Product of endocrine glands that released into the bloodstream
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hormones
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Embryonic tissue from which all CT are derived from
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mesenchyme
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group divided into dense CT and loose CT
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Connective Tissue Proper
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types of loose CT
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Areolar CT, Reticular CT, Adipose Tissue
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Loose CT underlies most of the body’s epithelia and surrounds small nerves and blood vessels
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Areolar CT
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CT fiber strongest most abundant class, can withstand great deal of tension
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Collagen Fibers
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CT fiber, branching fiber can withstand a lot of tension, but flexible and resilient
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Reticular Fibers
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CT fiber, most weak but most flexible
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Elastic Fibers made of elastin
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a material of varying consistency which is made up of constituents which are able to soak in interstitial fluid
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The Ground Substance
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immature CT cells which produce the fibers of areolar CT
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Fibroblasts
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Nonspecific phagocytic cells derived from WBCs that range throughout the CTs
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Macrophages
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Inflammation fighting cells
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Mast Cells
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Antibody secreting B lymphocytes
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Plasma Cells
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CT w/ only one of the 3 fiber types (areolar has all 3) -- found in spleen, and bone marrow
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Reticular CT
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CT have a much higher fiber content resulting lower cellular content than loose CT. It is a stronger, more resilient tissue than loose CT.
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Dense CT
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CT found in dermis and fibrous capsules of organs such as kidneys. Collagen runs random
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Irregular Dense CT
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CT where collagen fibers run parallel
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Regular Dense CT
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Dense Regular CT made of elastic found in vocal cords
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Elastic CT
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Extracellular matrix of blood and is very fluid
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plasma
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main cell of cartilage
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Chondrocyte; mature from chondroblasts
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Fluid filled cavities where chondrocytes exist
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Lacunae
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densest CT due to minerals in its extracellular matrix
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Bone
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Another term for muscle cells
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Myofibers
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Modified nerve cells to conduct information.
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Neurons
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Makes up nerves, spinal cord, and brain
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Nerve tissue
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Functions of the Integument
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Protection-primary, Exteroception-pain, Respiration-amphibians, Excretion-sweat, Thermoregulation-blubber, Nourishment-Vit D, Homeostasis-absorb water, Locomotion-feathers, Communication-pheremones
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epidermis epithelium
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Stratified epithelium, usually squamous
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Terrestrial species (mammals, reptiles, birds, some amphibians) cells in these species that are impermeable to water and decrease water loss
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Keratinized Cells; mucous in aquatic species
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Cells that produce mucus
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Goblet Cells
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Other mucus secreting cells also secrete undetermined functions
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Granular Cells
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light emitting multicellular glands found in deep sea teleosts
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Photophores
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Darkly pigmented cells
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Melanophores
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Epidermal glands in only mammalians
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Tubular Glands; alveolar; tubuloalveolar
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This type of gland is when a product is released by typical exocytosis
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Merocrine
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This type of gland is when a portion of the product is lost when released
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Apocrine
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This type of gland is where the cell is either destroyed with the release of the product or is itself the product
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Holocrine
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These glands secrete alkaloids that are toxic to deter predators, they can also secrete pheromones. In reptiles
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Granular Glands; femoral glands turn into spines for copulation
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Large oil gland at the base of the tail in birds.
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Uropygial Gland
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Alveolar glands in mammals that secrete oil associated w/ hair follicles
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Sebaceous glands, secrete sebum
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Coiled tubular glands allow for thermoregulation by evaporational cooling and nitrogenous waste
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Sudoriferous Glands; lacked in cetaceans and sirens
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Type of sudoriferous gland not associated w/ hair follicle and only function for sweating
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Eccrine Glands
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Type of sudoriferous gland are associated w/ hair follicles function for sweating and releasing pheremones
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Apocrine Glands
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Compound (branching ducts) alveolar gland found only mammals and are used to produce milk to feed young. Develop in both genders as "Milk Lines"
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Mammary glands
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multilayered epithelium derived from ectoderm
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Epidermis
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CT layer derived from mesoderm, middle layer of integument
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Dermis
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CT layer derived from mesoderm serves to connect muscle and integument
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Hypodermis
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one layer flattened cells (blood vessels, alveoli, glomeruli)
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simple squamous
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Epithelium lining ventral body cavities and their associated organs
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Mesothelium
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Epithelium lining all hollow organs of the circulatory system
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Endothelium
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single layer cube shaped cells (kidney tubules, ovary surface)
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simple cuboidal
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single layer columnar (stomach, anal canal) also have cilia on apical surface
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simple columnar; simple ciliated columnar epithelium (uterine tube)
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More than one layer flattened cells (vagina, skin)
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stratified squamous (keratinized-skin, non-keratinized-esophogus)
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Highly mitotic epidermal cells that are pushed up to the skin and eventually die and accumulate to create the stratum corneum
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Keratinocytes
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Layer of skin developed into scales, claws, and horny projections in reptiles ; gave rise to feathers in birds; hair in mammals
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Stratum Corneum
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Repetitious thickenings of the epidermis; or this in fish
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Epidermal scales; dermal scales
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polygonal or quadrilateral epidermal scales (found belly of snake)
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Scutes
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Modifications of stratum corneum on the distal aspect of digits
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claws, nails, hooves
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Curved portion of claw, nail, hoof
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Unguis (horny dorsal plate) and subunguis (curved ventral plate, softer)
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U or V shaped portion of a hoof
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Cuneus
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Typical flight feathers
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Contour Feathers
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Base of a shaft of a feather
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Quill or Calamus
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Portion of shaft of feather that support vanes
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Rachis
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Notch at the base of a Rachis
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Superior Umbilicus
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Part of the feather that arises after the superior umbilicus, arises from the base of the first feather.
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Afterfeather
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The afterfeather and main feather are same size in emus and cassowaries
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Double Feathers
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Interlock w/ flanges of adjacent feathers, stiffening the vane that are associated w/ barbules
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Hooklets
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Feather tracts of contour feathers
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Pterylae
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Bundle of smooth muscle associated w/ feather follicle allowing birds to ruffle their feathers.
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Arrector Plumarum
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Small fluffy feathers found between contour feathers, lack hooklets, and have short calamus. Found only in young birds
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Down Feathers
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Hair-like feathers, found at the tip of feathers, role is for perception of touch.
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Filoplumes
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Initiation of feather development
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Dermal Papillae
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Pimple-like elevation of skin of feather.
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Feather Primordium turns into feather follicle
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Feather still ensheathed by feather sheath
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Pin Feather
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Opening into the shaft when dermal papilla dies
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Inferior Umbilicus
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Cross section through a hair w/ 3 layers
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Cuticle-Outermost
Cortex-Middle Medulla-Innermost |
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3 Varieties of mammalian horns
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Bovine horns, hair horns, and pronghorn horns
Horn=keratinized/cornified |
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True horns
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Bovine and pronghorn, pronghorn has a portion shed annually
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Horns of agglutinized keratinized, hair-like epidermal fibers found in rhinos
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Hair horns
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vascularized skin sheath covering antlers
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Velvet
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Epidermal pads of the feet of nonungulate mammals
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Tori; apical pads at the end of digits
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Structure of Dermal Bone
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Lamellar (deep)
Spongy Bone Dentin Enamel (superficial) |
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Dentin added to enamel
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Denticle Scale
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Classification of dermal plates
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Rhomboid, Placoid, Elasmoid
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scales named for their shape
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Rhomboid Scales
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subclass of rhomboid, not present in extant species
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Cosmoid scales, cosmine plus the 4 layers of dermal bone
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subclass of rhomboid, missing spongy
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Ganoid, Ganoine
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Scales found in elasmobranchs, has lamellar, dentin, and elameloid. Teeth arrived from gnathostomates
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Placoid Scales; has basal plate
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Scales found in most teleosts, are thin flexible composed of lamellar and collagen
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Elasmoid Scales
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Comb-like free border scales
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Ctenoid Scales-Elasmoid subclass
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Rounded free border scales
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Cycloid-subclass of elasmoid
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Cells containing pigments
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Chromatophores
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chromatophore of brown
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Melanophore; melanin
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chromatophore of yellow
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Xanthophores-lipophore
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chromatophore of red
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Erythrophore-lipophore
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contain guanine and give silvery sheen
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Iridophores
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Where physiological color change occurs
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Ectoderm
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Finger-like evaginations of the papillary layer that interdigitate with the epidermis. Anchors epidermis to dermis.
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Dermal Papillae
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hypodermis type that is composed of adipose and lack muscle fibers
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Panniculus Adiposus
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hypodermis type that has some adipose but has many muscle fibers
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Panniculus Carnosus
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Term for muscle of hypodermis
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Cutaneous Maximus
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Panniculus Carnosus in humans
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platysma
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The epidermis is a stratified squamous, mucus type epithelium in which all layers are mitotically active and keratinization does not occur. The only cornified structures are oral denticles. These denticles are periodically shed and replaced.
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Agnathans
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The epidermis is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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Condricthyes
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Structure of epidermis of mammals
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Stratum Basale (deep-basement membrane)
Stratum Spinosum (artifact-spine) Stratum Granulosum (3-5 layers) Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin) Stratum Corneum (superficial-horny layer) |
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making of mineralized tissues
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Bone, Cartilage, Dentin, and Enamel or Enameloid. Arise from mesenchyme
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multipotent stem cells differentiated from mesenchymal cells
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Scleroblasts-4 pathways
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Differentiated Scleroblasts to produce bone
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Osteoblast
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Differentiated Scleroblasts to produce cartilage
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Chondroblasts
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Differentiated Scleroblasts to produce dentin
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Odontoblasts
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Differentiated Scleroblasts to produce Enamel
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Ameloblasts
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Gives cartilage strength but not the rigidity of bone
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Mucopolysaccharides
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CT sheath that surrounds cartilage organs
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Perichondrium
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Cartilage growth occurs when new cartilage is produced by chondroblasts located in the perichondrium
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Appositional Growth
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Cartilage growth occurs when new chondroblasts are produced by the mitosis of chondrocytes located in the cartilage organ. These chondroblasts will secret new cartilage matrix.
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Interstitial Growth
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Cartilage type named for its clear matrix, most abundant, skeleton is primitive vertebrates, embryonic skeleton.
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Cartilage type known for collagen bundles in matrix often for tendons and ligaments
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Fibrocartilage
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Cartilage type known for its great degree of resiliency
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Elastic Cartilage
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Cartilage type is the densest, least resilient, come from calcium salt accumulation
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Calcified Cartilage
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Collagen fibers and mineralized bone salts w/in the bone matrix
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Hydroxyapatites
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Microscopic canals to allow for blood vessels to reach osteocytes in the bone matrix
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Canuliculi
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Component of compact bone
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Lamellae
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Concentric arrangement of lamellae containing arteriole, venule, lymph vessel, and nerve
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Haversian Canal
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Perpendicular canals connecting haversian canals
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Volksmann's Canal
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CT sheath covering bone organ
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Periosteum
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Lining of the inner layer of bone organ
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Endosteum
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Bridge between sponge-like in spongy bone
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Trabeculae; intertrabecular spaces-filled w/ blood vessels and marrow
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Central shaft of long bone
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Diaphysis
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Subdivision of short bones that dont articulate w/ the skeleton directly
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Sesamoid Bone
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Bone degrading cells
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Osteoclasts
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Outer layer of a tooth and serves to attach the tooth to the socket by way of ligaments
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Cementum-holds acellular bone tissue
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The creation of bone
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Osteogenesis
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Development of bone directly from mesenchyme
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Intramembranous ossification or Membrane bone
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The development of bone through the replacement of a cartilage precursor with bone tissue
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Endochondral ossification or replacement bone
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Arise from Odontoblasts instead of osteoblasts
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Dentin-contain dentin tubules
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Broad sheets of tendon or ligament
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Aponeuroses
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Freely movable joints
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Diarthrosis
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Slightly movable joints
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Amphiarthrosis
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Immovable Joints
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Synarthrosis
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two bones meet at a fluid-filled joint cavity, and typically have a good deal of movement
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Synovial Joint
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Bones developed in areas subject to stress such as os penis, os cordis
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Heterotropic Bones
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Process of a vertebra
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Apophyses
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Ventral arches to the centra of the tail that house caudal artery
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Hemal Arches or chevron bones in amniotes
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Prominent midventral projections from the centrum in snakes
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Hypohphyses
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Bone or cartilage surrounding notochord
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Perichondral Bone
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Rare vertebrate condition where there are two centra per segment found in tails of fishes and primitive tetrapod.
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Diplospondyly
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Skeletal elements of vertebral column in agnathans that fuse to form a single cartilaginous plate
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Lateral Neural Cartilages
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Concave at both ends, the centra found in sharks
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Amphicelous
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Paired cartilages located dorsal to the neural arch in sharks
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Supradorsal Cartilage
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Four individually developed cartilages that associate w/ the notochord
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Basidorsal
Basiventral Interdorsal Interventral |
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Condition of vertebrae in tails of elasmobranchs and teleosts. Two centra and two sets of neural and hemal arches in each metamere
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Displondylous
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Neural Archless centra
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Intercentrum
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“U-shaped” bone on the anterior aspect of the vertebrae that cradled the notochord in Rhidipstian and Labyrinthadonts
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Hypocentrum
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small wedge-shaped portions of bone that sat on the dorsolateral aspect of the notochord of Rhidipstian and Labyrinthadonts
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Pleurocentra
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term meaning many pieces referring to vertebrae modifications of tetrapods
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Rachitomous
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Vertebrae found in today's fishes, urodeles, apodans, and sphenodon. Centra concave each end--shark
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Amphicelous Vertebrae
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Vertebrae found in anurans and modern reptiles are concave on cranial end
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Procelous Vertebrae
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Vertebrae seen in salamanders, concave on cranial end and hypocentrum attaches to centrum caudal to it
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Opisthocelous Vertebrae
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Vertebrae in mammals lacking concavity on either end
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Acelous Vertebrae
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Core of notochord in the intervertebral discs in mammal vertebrae
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Nucleus Pulposus
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Cervical vertebra found in amniotes such as crocs, echidna, sphenodon
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Proatlas
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Cervical vertebra term found in birds giving it its flexible neck structure
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Heterocelous
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Fusion of sacral vertebra in mammals
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Sacrum
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Sacral vertebra in birds and armadillos
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Synsacrum
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Variant caudal vertebrae in anurans develops from an elongated perichordal cartilage that ossifies when the tail is lost during metamorphosis
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Urostyle
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Last 4 caudal vertebrae in birds
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Pygostyle
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Another name for abdominal ribs
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Gastralia
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Term for ribs having two heads
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Biccipital
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Ventral head of the rib
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Capitulum
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Dorsal head of the rib
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Tuberculum
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Portion of rib that attaches to vertebrae
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Costal Rib
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Portion of rib attaches to sternum
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Sternal Rib
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Number of cervical vertebrae in birds
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12
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Number of cervical vertebrae in mammals
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7
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Number of cervical vertebrae in turtles
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8
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Number of sacral vertebrae in mammals
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3-5
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Number of caudal vertebrae in mammals
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3-50; 4-5 in humans termed coccyx
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Number of caudal vertebrae in birds
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15
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Animal lacks cervical ribs
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Turtles
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Projection of avian thoracic ribs
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Uncinate Process
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Pairs of ribs in mammals
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9-24 usually 12
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Keel-like structure for the attachment of massive pectoral musculature in modern birds
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Carina
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Last sternebra
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Xiphisternum; holding xiphoid process
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Term for skull and lower jaw
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Cranial skeleton
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Term for primary braincase, also chondrocranium and endocranium
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Neurocranium
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conjoining midline of prechordal and parachordal cartilages
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ethmoid plate
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term for inner ear
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Otocyst
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Cartilaginous component of eyeball allowing for movement. Considered to be not a part of the neurocranium
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Sclerotic coat or sclera
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Accommodates pituitary and internal carotid arteries. Eventually will be reduced to a pair of foramina for the arteries.
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Hypophyseal Fenestra
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Roof of the neurocranium
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Tectum
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Houses the pituitary
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Sella Turcica
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Four universal ossification centers
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Sphenoidal, occipital, ethmoidal, and otic
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Occipital ossification centers
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Basioccipital, exoccipitals, supraoccipital
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Sphenoidal ossification centers in mammals and archosaurs
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In mammals basisphenoid, pair presphenoid, pair alisphenoid; pair basi, pair of laterosphenoid
There's orbitosphenoid in others |
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Ethmoid centers in vertebrates are least likely to ossify
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Mesesthmoid, sphenethmoid, ectethmoid (lateral nasal cavity)
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Otic ossification
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prootic, opisthotic, epiotic. All fuse to make the petrosal bone in mammals-fuse w/ squamous to get temporal bone
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Collective term for membrane bones in the skull
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Dermatocranium
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Bones of the upper jaw
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Marginal bones
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Bones of the primary palate
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Dermal Bones
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4 divisons of dermatocranium
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Marginal, Dermal, Opercular, Roofing bones
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Bone purpose to protect the brain and special sense organs
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Roofing bones
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Ring of bones around the labyrinthadont skull
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Lacrimal, prefrontal, postfrontal, jugal
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Cartilage of the upper jaw of condrichthyes
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Palatoquadrate
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primary palate of rhidipstians and primitive tetrapods
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parasphenoid, paired vomers, paired palatines, paired ectopterygoids, and paired pterygoids
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Bone covering gills of bony fishes and holocephalians
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opercular bones
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types of opercular bones
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opercular, preopercular, subopercular, interopercular
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gular bones in advanced fishes
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Branchiostegal Rays
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Dermal bones of teleosts
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maxillae, premaxillae, dentary, articular, quadrate, and sympletic
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Endochondral bones of anurans and urodeles
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sphenoethmoidal, 2 prootics, 2 extraoccipitals
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First group of animals to show stapes and columnella of the middle ear
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Amphibians
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Neurocranium bones of reptiles
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2 exoccipitals, supraoccipital, basioccipital, 2 laterosphenoids, 2 ethmoids, otic
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Skulls lack temporal fossa
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Anapsid skull
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One temporal fossa on each side, which animals (2)
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Synapsid; pelycosaurs and mammals
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Two temporal fossa on each side and which animals
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Diapsid; Archosaurs
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One temporal fossa on each side of the skull found in plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs
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Euryapsid Skull
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Deep groove in oral cavity found in birds and turtles for channeling air streams
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Palatal Fissure
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The only bone in the lower jaw of mammals
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Dentary
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First pharyngeal arch
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Mandibular Arch
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Second pharyngeal arch
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Hyoid Arch
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Cartilage that articulate w/ the posterior aspect of chondrocranium
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Hyomandibular Cartilage
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Dorsal most portion of pharyngeal arches
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pharyngobranchial cartilage
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Jaw suspension in sharks, hyomandibular cartilage is braced against the otic capsule and the palatoquadrate cartilage is braced against the hyomandibular cartilage
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Hyostyly
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hyomandibular cartilages and one or more pairs of palatoquadrate processes are braced independently against the braincase
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Amphistyly jaw suspension
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The palatoquadrate alone is attached to the neurocranium the hyomandibular cartilages play no role in jaw suspension.
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Autostyly jaw suspension
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Lizards and birds have elongated bony processes extending from the hyoid body into the tongue
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Entoglossus (woodpeckers)
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Of 7 paired pectoral girdle elements of primitive fish, the ones of endochondral bone
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Suprascapula, scapula, coracoid
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Of 7 paired pectoral girdle elements of primitive fish derived from ancestral dermal armor
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Postemporal, Supracleithrum, Cleithrum, Clavicle
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Interclavicle bone of birds aka wishbone
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Furculum
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In urodeles that will mature into a terrestrial stage there is a slender
median cartilage coming off of the pelvic girdle and inserting into the abdominal muscle somites |
Prepubic
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Rays of bony fishes
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Lepidotrichia
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Rays in cartilaginous fishes
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Ceratotrichia
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Collective term for basalia and radialia
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Pterygiophores
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Fin type found in extinct acanthodians
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spiny fin
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Fin type found in Sarcopterygians
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Lobe fin
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Fin type found in Chondricthyes
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fin fold fins
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Two types of medial fins
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Anal and dorsal
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Modified anal fin in teleosts to serve as an intromittent organ
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Gonopodium
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Caudal fin type where tails have the dorsal lobe being greater than the
ventral lobe (sharks) |
Heterocercal
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Caudal fin type where tails have dorsal lobe smaller than ventral lobe (Ichthyosaurs)
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Hypocercal
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Caudal fin type where tails have dorsal lobe and ventral lobe taper symmetrically (dipnoans) the lobes are of same size
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Diphycercal; homocercal
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Components of tetrapod limbs
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Propodium-humerus/femur, epipodium-ulna radius/tibia fibula, autopodium
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The wrist
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Carpus
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Proximal carpel row
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Radiale-scaphoid in humans, Intermediate-lunate, Ulnare-triquetral; Pisiform extra in reptiles and mammals
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4 rows of distal row of carpels in humans
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trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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The palm
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Metacarpus
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Thumb
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Pollex
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Fusion of the three distal carpel rows in birds
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Carpometacarpus
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The first finger in birds
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Alula
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Digits 2-5 in bats
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Patagium
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3 basic modes of walking
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digitigrade, unguligrade, plantigrade
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Odd toed ungulates
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Perissodactyls
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Even toed ungulates
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Artiodactyls
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Equal weight digits
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Paraxonic
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Ability to touch each digit w/ the thumb
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opposition
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Ankle
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Tarsus
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proximal row of tarsus
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Tibiale/Talus, Intermedium, Fibulare/Calcaneus
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fusion of tibiale and fibulare in reptiles
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Astragalocalcaneus
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Toe
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Hallux
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Tarsal and tibia fusion in birds
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Tibotarsus
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Joint between tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus
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Intratarsal Joint
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