Cv Exam Iii

Front 1

What is the Law of LaPlace?

Back 1

Tension = Pressure x radius

Front 2

AAA and risk of rupture follows who's law?

Back 2

LaPlace

Front 3

Capillaries are able to withstand 100mmHg and veins are not, hence the varicose veins. Who's law is applicable?

Back 3

LaPlace

Front 4

What is Ohm's Law?

Back 4

Flow =
Change in pressure/ Resistance

Front 5

Biological application of Ohm's Law?

Back 5

R = change P/ Flow

SVR = 80(MAP -CVP)/ CO

Front 6

Reynold's number signifies what?

Back 6

At what velocity, turbulence can occur given the diameter, density and viscosity of the substance

Front 7

Turbulence occurs at ______to _______ Reynold's number

Back 7

200 to 400

Front 8

What is the equation for Reynold's number?

Back 8

Reynolds number =
velocity x diameter x density
---------------------------------------
viscosity

Front 9

Conductance is ____________ to resistance

Back 9

Inverse to resistance
Conductance = flow
conductance = 1/resistance

Front 10

Velocity ______ to flow and ______ to cross-sectional area

Back 10

Velocity is directly proportional to flow and inverse to cross-sectional area

Front 11

Velocity forumula

Back 11

Velocity =
flow volume / cross-sectional area

Front 12

Pouiselle's Law shows that _______ is the biggest factor in flow

Back 12

radius (because it is ^4)

Front 13

Pouiselle's Law Formula

Back 13

F = Change in Pressure x r^4
---------------------------------
8(viscosity)(length)

Front 14

Systemic Circulation is ____ of blood volume
Pulmonary circulation _____
Heart is ________

Back 14

systemic circulation is 84% of blood volume.
Pulmonary circulation is 9%
Heart is 7%

Front 15

Veins contain ______ of blood volume.

Capillaries contain ______

Back 15

Veins contain 64% of blood volume.

Capillaries contain 5%

Front 16

Arteries contain ____ of blood volume.

Back 16

Arteries contain 13% of blood volume.

Front 17

3 layers of the arteries

Back 17

tunica intima - endothelium
tunic media - smooth muscle
tunic adventitia - nerves &nutrients to feed the vessel

Front 18

Veins are ____x more compliant than arteries

Back 18

30x (or 24x) more compliant d/t the distensibility (8x more distensible) and carry 2/3 of the volume as compared to arteries

Front 19

Veins have _____ to prevent backflow

Back 19

valves

Front 20

Blood is returned to the heart by the _________ & _______ pumps

Back 20

skeletal & thoracic

Front 21

Pulmonary arteries are more like veins because they are _________________

Back 21

highly compliant. This helps with HPV

Front 22

What is HPV?

Back 22

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - compensatory mechanism that shunts the blood to arterioles that are more oxygenated to keep the V/Q match near optimum

Front 23

Pulmonary capillaries have ________ hydrostatic pressure, but the same oncotic pressure.

Back 23

LOWER. This means that the plasma oncotic pressure pulls fluid back into the circulation and keeps the alveoli dry. (Good lymphatics help here too!)

Front 24

Vasodilating substances (chemoreceptors) in the periphery

Back 24

NO, CO2, H+, K+, Histamine, bradykinin. ADENOSINE!

Front 25

Vasoconstricting substances (chemoreceptors) in the periphery

Back 25

Endothelin - short term (crush injuries)
NE, Epi, Angiotensin II, Vasopressin (ADH)

Front 26

Distensibility means ______

Back 26

stretch. Compliance takes into account volume x stretch

Front 27

Distensibility of veins lets them act as _________

Back 27

a blood reservoir

Front 28

Distensiblity of arteries lets them __________ pulsatile blood flow

Back 28

accommodate

Front 29

What is the superimposition principle?

Back 29

The pulse pressure increases as blood travels further from heart

Front 30

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 30

force of gravity on a fluid at equilibrium

Front 31

The hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed

Back 31

is less, and favors reabsorption of fluids.

Front 32

They hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary bed

Back 32

is more and favors filtration of fluids.

Front 33

The oncotic pressure at the venous end is ______ than the arterial end.

Back 33

equal to

Front 34

Interstitial oncotic pressure is _______ in normal circumstances

Back 34

negative. (proteins can't get out of the capillaries).

Front 35

When insterstitial oncotic pressure is positive, what's happened?

Back 35

Edema. Could be any of the 4 causes.
High capillary hydrostatic pressure
Low oncotic pressure
Capillary permeability.
Lymph blockage

Front 36

In pressure waveforms, the dicrotic notch is not present when?

Back 36

aortic regurgitation
aortic stenosis
(Aortic valve isn't closing)

Front 37

What is vasomotion?

Back 37

intermittent blood flow thru capillaries

Front 38

What causes vasomotion?

Back 38

intermittent contraction of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters
O2 lack theory/Vasodilator theory can play a part

Front 39

Oxygen lack theory & Vasodilator theory

Back 39

When the O2 concentration drops, metabolism goes anaerobic. Increased cell excreta (vasodilator substances) build up and precapillary sphincters open. This washes out the substances and replenishes the O2 debt.

Front 40

Pulse pressure is _________ to stroke volume and ______ to arterial compliance

Back 40

Proportional...inverse.
Pulse pressure =
stroke volume/ art. compl.

Front 41

Pulsations become lower the further you move from the heart

Back 41

conductance = 1/Resistance
d/t to increased resistance, decreased compliance

Front 42

1 cm H2O = _______mmHg

Back 42

1cm H2O = 1.36 mmHg

Front 43

Due to venous reservoirs, body can stand to lose ___ of blood volume

Back 43

20% of blood volume before compensatory mechanisms (inc. HR, dec. BP) are noted

Front 44

Afferent nerve in Baroreceptors and Valsva

Back 44

Afferent - Hering's nerve, CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

Front 45

Efferent nerve in Baroreceptors and Valsva

Back 45

Efferent - CNX - VAGUS

Front 46

Bainbridge reflex

Back 46

Atrial stretch Reflex - inc. HR

Afferent - vagus to medulla
Efferent - SNS chain

Front 47

Bezold -Jarisch

Back 47

Cardioprotective reflex - d/t noxious ventricular stimuli, HR slows and venous dilation (dec. afterload)

Front 48

Carotid bodies.
Aortic bodies

Back 48

Chemoreceptors. Look at decreased O2, CO2, H+

Front 49

Carotid sinus.
Atrial/Ventricular
Vessels

Back 49

Baroreceptors. Look at stretch, volume induced

Front 50

Vasodilating substances

Back 50

Histamine, Bradykinins, increased anions (acetate and citrate), K+, Mg+, H+

Front 51

CO2 is a potent _________

Back 51

VASODILATOR

Front 52

High CO2 and sudden concurrent HTN is d/t

Back 52

SNS stimulation in vasomotor area. (Spills over from the resp. center.) This is not the normal reaction to high CO2!!!

Front 53

alpha 1 receptors

Back 53

constrict the periphery

Front 54

alpha 2 receptors

Back 54

block alpha1 --> vasodilate and inhibit NE

Front 55

Nitric Oxide

Back 55

potent vasodilator; works thru the second messenger system of cGMP

Front 56

Nitroprusside

Back 56

Arterial and venous dilator

Front 57

Nitroglycerin

Back 57

Venous dilator (enzyme for cleaving NO from NTG not in the arterials)

Front 58

Hydralazine

Back 58

Arterial dilator (works thru the same enzyme pathway as NO, uses guanyl cyclase to make cGMP to vasodilate)

Front 59

Alpha 2 central

Back 59

Sedation

Front 60

Beta 1

Back 60

heart (rate, conduction and contractility)

Front 61

Beta 2

Back 61

smooth muscle and gland cells (think primarily in the lungs

Front 62

Beta 3

Back 62

lipolysis

Front 63

DA1

Back 63

Fenoldapam - dilates blood vessels

Front 64

DA2

Back 64

Inhibits NE release

Front 65

Fat embolism has 2 mechanisms of injury

Back 65

mechanical - fat emboli
chemical - increased circulating fatty acids

Front 66

Systemic thromboembolism

Back 66

ARTERIAL circulation. More likely to be thrown to head/lower extremities.