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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the body's largest organ? |
The skin |
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What are some functions of the skin? |
Protects the body against the environment, regulates body temperature, stores water, fat, and vitamin D, and can sense painful and pleasant sensations. |
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What are the three layers of the skin? |
Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer |
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Epidermis |
The outermost layer, mostly composed of epidermal cells (keratinocytes). The layer protects the body from the environment, prevents dryness, and provides immune suveillance. |
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Dermis |
The middle layer, is primarily composed of collagen. This layer houses hair follicles, subaceous glands, eccrine glands, and apocrine glands. |
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Subcutaneous layer |
This layer houses nerves, larger blood vessels, and adipose tissue. |
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Primary skin lesion |
A lesion that has not been altered by scratching, rubbing, scrubbing, or another form of trauma. |
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List the 10 primary lesions: |
1. Macule 2. Papule 3. Plaque 4. Patch 5. Nodule 6. Wheal 7.Vesiclle 8. Bulla 9. Pustule 10. Cyst |
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Describe Macule and Papule |
Macule- a flat, well defined discolored lesion less than 1 cm, such as a freckle Papule- An elevated solid lesion usually less than 0.5cm in diameter, such as warts and moles |
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Describe Plaque and Patch |
Plaque- An elevated, solid lesion greater than 0.5cm without a deep component. Usually caused by coalesce of papules.
Patch- a large macule (greater than 1 cm) |
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Describe Nodule and Wheal |
Nodule- Elevated solid lesion in the subcutaneous tissue. Larger and deeper papules.
Wheal- Firm, rounded, that has a short duration and itches. Ex: hives |
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Describe Vesicle and Bulla |
Vesicle- An elevated lesion containing clear fluid and is less than 0.5cm. Ex: water blister
Bulla-Localized fluid filled lesion greater than 0.5cm, ex: blisters |
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Describe pustule and Cyst |
Pustule- a lesion containing purulent material, like acne.
Cyst- elevated and well defined, walled cavity containing fluid or purulent material. |
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What is a secondary skin lesion? |
A primary lesion that has been altered by scratching, scrubbing, or caused by an injury or trauma. |
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List the secondary skin lesions |
1. Crust 2. Erosion 3. Ulcer 4. Fissure 5. Excoriation 6. Scar 7. Scale |
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Describe crust and erosion |
Crust- A collection of cellular debris/dried blood. AKA a scab.
Erosion-Partial focal loss of epidermis. examples include the rupture of a vesicle or bulla |
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Describe ulcer and fissure |
Ulcer- A full thickness crater, that involves the dermis and epidermis.
Fissure-A verticle loss of epidermis and dermis with sharply defined walls. AKA a crack |
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Describe Excoriation, scar, and scale |
Excoriation-A linear erosion caused by scratching.
Scar- a collection of new connective tissue, and implies dermoepidermal damage.
Scale-a thick stratum corneum that results from increased cohesion of keratinocytes, like eczema. |
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Nonmelanoma skin cancer |
basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma |
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Malignant melanoma |
The most dangerous skin cancer |
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Decubitus ulcers |
AKA pressure ulcers. This is tissue damage that occurs when soft tissue is compressed between a bony prominence and a firm external surface for a long period of time. |
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Atopic Dermatitis |
AKA eczema, inflammatory skin disease considered familial with allergic features. It is an itch, that when scratched, erupts into a legion. |
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Contact Dermatitis |
Any dermatitis arising from direct skin exposure to a substance, and can be allergen or irritant induced. |
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Psoriasis |
A common, chronic skin disorder characterized by erythematous papules and plaques with silver scale. |
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Impetigo |
A superficial skin infection that occurs on the face and extremities. It is passed from skin to skin contact, and is common in children. |
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Folliculitis |
Localized to hair follicles, common in immunocompromised patients. Can be caused by swimming pools, hot tubs, and pedicure chairs without proper cleaning and clorination. |
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Furuncle and Carbuncle |
Furuncle- aka boils, an inflammatory nodule that involves the hair follicle
Carbuncle- a series of abscesses in the subcutaneous tissue that drain through the hair follicle |
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Cellulitis |
An infection of the skin. Appears as red, swollen area of skin that feels hot and tender and can spread rapidly. Common in the lower legs and face. Can lead to sepsis.
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What does the word Tinea indicate? |
A fungal infection |
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Why is a candida infection called a yeast infection? |
Candida is a fungus, but single-celled fungi are called yeast. |
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Pediculosis |
Human infestation with lice, ectoparasites that live on the body. Spreads through close contact and sharing personal items. |
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Scabies |
A contagious skin disease of the epidermis marked by itching and small, red sports caused by the itch mite. |
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Warts |
Benign lesions caused by the papillomavirus |
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Varicella |
Chickenpox, an acute contagious vesicular skin eruption caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The rash is found mostly on the trunk of the body but can also be found on the head and mucus membranes. |
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What is the difference between chickenpox and small pox? |
Smallpox occurs on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, while chickenpox doesn't. All smallpox vesicles will be at the same stage of eruption at the same time, while chickenpox vesicles can be at all three stages. Smallpox usually has a high fever. |
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Can people get chickenpox more than once? |
Yes |
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Herpes Simplex Virus |
HSV-1 causes oral infections and HSV-2 causes genital infection. These begin with painful, indurated erythema followed by grouped vesicles. |
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Herpes Zoster |
AKA shingles. This is a skin eruption that follows along a dermatome. This occurs in patients who have had chicken pox- the virus reactivates, usually later in life and causes irritation to a spinal sensory nerve. |
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Urticaria |
AKA hives, this is a skin condition in which a wheal on the skin forms from edema. |
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Erythema Multiforme |
An immunologic reaction in the skin characterized by lesions. |
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Excoriation |
Marks left by scratching |
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Erosion |
Worn down area of the skin, requires that at least the epidermis be worn down |
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Peticchiae vs. Purpura |
Peticchiae- small pools of blood under the skin, think platelet dysfunction or sepsis in kiddos
Purpura- condition of having peticchiae |
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Which antivirals work well? |
acyclovir, antiretrovirals, flu antivirals somewhat |
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Prion |
A snipet of protein that can make RNA |
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Retrovirus |
Starts as RNA, with or without a protein shell. (HIV) need anti-retrovirals to treat |
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HIV |
Does have a protein shell, can change the outside of the protein shell. Therefore HIV can change the pattern of protein it displays, your body learns that pattern but doesn't know what the virus actually looks like. When it changes its shell, the immune system is fooled |
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What two things to think about in the field when thinking about infectious disease? |
1. Are they septic? 2. PPE |
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What would measuring the lactic level in a septic patient show? |
Higher than 4 (or greater than 2) without any other cause is proof of sepsis |
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Reye's Syndrome |
Why we don't give kids (age 18 or younger) aspirin. Usually occurs in kids with flu or chickenpox who get aspirin (but can occur without a viral infection). Causes a fulminent liver and cerebral edema, grossly altered mental status, brain damage, and coagulopathies. |
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Fulminent |
When something occurs very quickly, such as liver failure in Reye's Syndrome |
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What should you do before giving tylenol for a fever? |
Take a proper oral temperature |
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How accurate are oral temperatures? |
Usually 1 degree lower than core temperature. |
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What is Aspirin's effect on sepsis? |
You should not give Aspirin to a septic patient, because you are inhibiting the platelets. |
