Curriculum & Assessment

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achievement tests

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a measurement of knowledge and/or skills a student possesses

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affective assessment

Back 2

a measurement of a student's attitudes interests, and/or value

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alignment

Back 3

the substantive agreement between two or more of the following: curriculum, instruction, and assessment

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alternate form reliability

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the consistency of measured results yielded by different forms of the same test

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analytic scoring

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a method of scoring a student's constructed responses involving the application of multipleevaluation criteria, one criterion at a time

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aptitude tests

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a measurement device intended to predict a student's likelihood of success insome future setting, often an academic one.

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assessment bias

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if an assessment instrument offends or unfairly penalizes a student because of personal charactreistics O(such as race, gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status) the instrument is biased against that student.

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construct-related evidence of validity

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empiricl evidence that (1) supports the posited existence of a hypotheticl construce and (2) indicates and assessment

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constructed responses

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a student's answers to assessment tasks, such as essay,items, that require a response to be generated by the student "from scratch"

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criterion-referenced measurement

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An approach to assessment in which a student's test performance is interpreted according to how much of a defined assessment domain has been mastered by the student.

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extended response form

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an essay item that gives a student few constraints about how he or she is to respond, especially with respect to the length of their responses

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formative evaluation

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the appraisal of a still malleable instructional program, such as a teacher's lessonk, for purposes of improving that program

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grade equivalent scores

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an often misinterpreted estimated score based on the grade level and months of the school year represented by a student's test performance

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halo effect

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the error of allowing a test-scorer's overal impression of a student to influence any criterion-by-criterion evaluations of the student's response to a test.

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high stakes test

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an assessment whose conseuences have important implications either for students (such as grade-to-grade promotion) and/or for educators (such as when schools are qualitatively ranked on the basis of sstudents' test scores).

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holistic scoring

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the method of scoring a student's constructed responses that calls for the syhthesized application of multiple evaluative criteria (that is simultaneously using several distinguishable factors to arrive at an overall judgment about the uality of a student's response)

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item response theory

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this scale-score approach to reporting a student's test performance takes into consideration not only a student's raw score but also other factors such as item difficulty, the guessability of items, and so on.

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Likert inventories

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affective assessment devices organized around a respondent's self-reported degree of agrreement with a series of presented statements

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median

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the midpoint in a set of scores when the scores are ranked from the lowest to the highest

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norm-referenced measurement

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an approach to assessment in which a student's test performance is interpreted relatively (that is, according to how the student's performance compares with that of other test takers).

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percentiles

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an interpretive score based on the percent of students in the norm groped outperformed by a given stsudent

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performance assessment

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a form of testing in which a student is given a task, typically a demanding one, then asked to respond to the task orally, in writing, or by constructing a product

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preassessment

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a pretest given prior to instruction, typically to (1) determine a student's entry skills and knowledge or (2) employ as part of a pretest-posttest collection of evidence regarding instructional quality.

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psychomotor assessment

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measurement of a student's small-muscle or large-muscle skills

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range

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an infrequently usesd measure of a score distribution's variability that is clculated simply by subtracting the value of the lowest test score from the value of the highest test score.

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regression effect

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a well-known statistical phenomenon in which extremely high scorers or extremely low scorers will, when retested, tend to earn scores closer to he mean of the score distribution .

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rubric

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a scoring guide employed to evaluate the quality of student's responses to performance test, a student's portfolios or any kind of student-generated response.

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selected responses

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a student's answer to test items that present options from wnich the student must choose (multiple-choice or binary.

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accommodations, adaptations, modifications

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the techniques used when assessing a student with disabilities or a student with limited English proficiency (LEP) in order to sescure more valid inferences about such student's knowledge and skills.

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mean

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the arithmetic average in a set of scores

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standardized

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any test that is administered, scored and interpreted in a standard, predetermined manner.

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summative evaluation

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focus is on more "terminal" decisions about teachers--should we keep the person or not?

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formative evaluation

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focus chiefly on improving the teacher's instructional effectiveness.