Cumulative Vocab For Anatomy Midterm 1

Front 1

Abduction

Back 1

movement away from the central axis of the body (movement in the coronal plane)

Front 2

Acetylcholine

Back 2

most common neurotransmitter

Front 3

Actin

Back 3

thin myofilaments

Front 4

Adduction

Back 4

movement towards the body (movement in the coronal plane).

Front 5

Adrenal gland

Back 5

Major producer of hormones including cortisol and adrenaline

Front 6

Afferent neurons

Back 6

sensory neurons; triggered by stimuli in peripheral regions; convey information from body  CNS; cell body lies outside CNS

Front 7

Alveoli

Back 7

clustered, inflatable sacs for gas exchange

Front 8

Annulus fibrosis

Back 8

encloses the nucleus pulposus; fibrocartilaginous

Front 9

Anterior

Back 9

towards the front of an animal

Front 10

Aponeurosis

Back 10

takes place of tendons as sheet-like areas to attach muscles to bone; occurs in the palm of the hand

Front 11

Appendicitis

Back 11

Inflammation of the appendix due to presence of fecal matter; painful; rupture can lead to infection and death

Front 12

Arachnoid mater

Back 12

delicate membrane inside dura, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 13

Asthma

Back 13

overactive immune response to foreign particles leads to inflammation of bronchioles and airway constriction

Front 14

Atlas

Back 14

C1; no vertebral body; concave superior articular processes articulate with occipital condyles of cranial base; allows for flexion and extension of the head (nodding)

Front 15

Australiopiths

Back 15

(1) ape like bodies, (2) slightly bigger brains, (3) still arboreal, (4) walk on two legs, (5) BIG teeth, (6) thick enamel, (7) Intermediate/modern feet, (8) can be larger, (9) use crude tools; South and East Africa

Front 16

Axis

Back 16

C2; body has a large projecting peg (dens) which passes through the C1 vertebral arch and serves as a pivot; allows for rotation of the head (‘no’ movement)

Front 17

Axon

Back 17

conducting fiber; passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell or to an effector cell

Front 18

Axon terminals

Back 18

transmitters

Front 19

Bile

Back 19

alkaline fluid produced by the liver containing salts, bilirubin and cholesterol; emulsifies fats, aids in fat and cholesterol absorption, makes cholesterol soluble

Front 20

Blood flow through the liver

Back 20

75% of blood enters via hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated), rest via hepatic artery; exits via hepatic vein into inferior vena cava

Front 21

Blood in the human body

Back 21

7% of body mass; approx. 1.5 gallons

Front 22

Bone growth in length

Back 22

ends when cartilage cells stop dividing and diaphysis bone fuses with epiphysis bone

Front 23

Bone growth in thickness

Back 23

periosteum adds bone layers via osteoblasts

Front 24

Breast cancer

Back 24

affects 12% of American women; risk factors include sex, genetics, obesity, lifestyle, and reproductive status

Front 25

Capillary beds

Back 25

single layer of cells on alveoli; allows for easy diffusion of O2 into blood and CO2 into lung

Front 26

Cardiac muscle

Back 26

autonomic (involuntary); striated; unique cell to cell signaling

Front 27

Cartilage

Back 27

cushions & dissipates forces; reduces friction

Front 28

Cartilage

Back 28

dense connective tissue composed of chondrocytes that produce extracellular matrix; rapidly forming; avascular with limited ability for self repair

Front 29

Cauda equine

Back 29

mass of descending roots; similar to horse tail

Front 30

Caudal

Back 30

towards the rear of an animal

Front 31

Cell body

Back 31

integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to axon

Front 32

Cervical vertebrae

Back 32

there are 7; small oval body, short pedicle, bifid process, transverse foamen (for vertebral artery);

Front 33

Circulatory system

Back 33

Transports nutrients, hormones and O2 throughout the body; removes waste and CO2; arteries  arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins

Front 34

Circumduction

Back 34

rotation in a circular motion

Front 35

Cirrhosis

Back 35

symptoms include jaundice, swollen abdomen, visible blood cells, dermal itchiness, lethargy; caused by exposure to toxins, virus, or obesity; results in organ failure

Front 36

CN X

Back 36

vagus nerve; motor & sensory to thorax and viscera (guts)

Front 37

CN XI

Back 37

accessory nerve; motor to trapezius m.

Front 38

Coccyx

Back 38

4 vertebrae although this number can be highly variable; small body without arches or processes; anchors pelvic muscles and ligaments

Front 39

Collagen

Back 39

1) resists tension, 2) site of mineralization in bone; in ultrastructure

Front 40

Conduction speed in neurons

Back 40

dependent on fiber diameter and myelinated sheath; independent of stimulus strength

Front 41

Conus medullaris

Back 41

caudal most portion of spinal cord; ends at L1/L2

Front 42

Coronal plane (horizontal section)

Back 42

from head to tail, perpendicular to plane of bilateral symmetry C.

Front 43

Cortical bone

Back 43

compact bone; strong; composed of layers of lamellar bone circling around a bundle of nerves and blood vessels

Front 44

Costal grove

Back 44

on the inferior portion of the rib; for the intercostal nerve, artery and vein

Front 45

Cranial

Back 45

towards the head of an animal

Front 46

Cushing’s syndrome

Back 46

overexposure to cortisol; red swollen face, skin irritation/striation, thin limbs, heavy torso

Front 47

Dendrites

Back 47

collect electrical signal from other cells

Front 48

Dermatomes

Back 48

areas of skin with sensory innervation primarily from a single spinal nerve

Front 49

Dermomyotomes

Back 49

skin and muscle tissues form during week 4

Front 50

Difference between bronchi and bronchioles

Back 50

bronchi are wrapped in cartilaginous rings whereas bronchioles are not

Front 51

Distal

Back 51

a relative term meaning further away from the trunk of the body

Front 52

Dorsal

Back 52

the upper/back surface of an animal

Front 53

Dorsiflexion

Back 53

movement of the foot in an upward motion

Front 54

Ductus arteriosis

Back 54

fetal heart shunt; oxygenated blood from pulmonary arteries to aorta

Front 55

Duodenum

Back 55

chime mixes with bile and pancreatic juices, neutralizing pH, emulsifying fats, digesting protein; site of iron absorption; attached to stomach and jejunum

Front 56

Dura mater

Back 56

thick fibrous sleeve, outermost meninges; ends at S2/S3

Front 57

Early hominins

Back 57

(1) ape like bodies, (2) small brains, (3) primitive feet, (4) still arboreal, (5) walk on two legs, (6) small canines, (7) thick enamel; come from Central and East Africa

Front 58

Efferent neurons

Back 58

motor neurons; transmit signals to peripheral regions; convey information from CNS  body; cell body lies within CNS

Front 59

Emphysema

Back 59

Smoking is a cause; harmful particles get trapped in alveoli, the inflammatory response is chemicals, which dissolve alveolar septum resulting in a large air cavity lined with carbon deposits

Front 60

Endochondral ossification

Back 60

highly influenced by genetics; follows the cartilage model; cranial base and most bones post crania

Front 61

Endosteum

Back 61

lines the internal surface of bone. Contains bone depositing and resorbing cells

Front 62

Epaxial muscles

Back 62

innervated by dorsal rami

Front 63

Esophagus

Back 63

muscular tube connecting the mouth and stomach; passes through the dorsal mediastinum (behind the heart)

Front 64

Eversion

Back 64

the rotation of the foot so that the sole turns outwards

Front 65

Extension

Back 65

fundamentally means a straightening. In the anatomical position, most joints are in the extended position.

Front 66

Exterior of trachea and bronchi

Back 66

cartilaginous rings

Front 67

External structures of the breast

Back 67

1) nipple, 2) areola

Front 68

False ribs

Back 68

ribs 8-10; articulate with the next highest rib via costal cartilage

Front 69

Filopodia

Back 69

sensory mechanisms by which osteocytes communicate and transfer materials

Front 70

Filum terminale

Back 70

extension of pia, anchors spinal cord

Front 71

Flexion

Back 71

the term used to describe the bending of a part or the making of an angle (in the sagittal plane), most easily visualized in the bending of the knee or elbow.

Front 72

Floating ribs

Back 72

ribs 11-12; anchored in muscle, no costal cartilage

Front 73

Foramen

Back 73

hole

Front 74

Foramen ovale

Back 74

fetal heart shunt; oxygenated blood from right atrium to left atrium

Front 75

Foregut

Back 75

composed of esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum (liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen); associated with celiac artery

Front 76

Gallbladder

Back 76

stores excess bile

Front 77

Gallstones

Back 77

Hardened accumulations of bilirubin or cholesterol, which can lead to pain and blockage of duodenal papilla

Front 78

Ganglion

Back 78

collection of cell bodies

Front 79

Gap junctions in cardiac muscle

Back 79

connections between myocardial cells allows for sequential firing

Front 80

Grey matter

Back 80

cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

Front 81

Head

Back 81

end of the bone (typically proximal)

Front 82

Head of rib

Back 82

has articular facets to adjoin the rib with thoracic vertebrae; faces dorsally

Front 83

Hepatic portal system

Back 83

collects nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the guts; delivers blood to the liver for nutrient processing and storage

Front 84

Hernia

Back 84

a condition in which part of an organ is displaced and protrudes through the wall of the cavity containing it

Front 85

High Mechanical advantage

Back 85

greater power (more effort impact)

Front 86

Hindgut

Back 86

composed of descending & sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal (bladder); associated with inferior mesenteric artery; consolidates, stores, and expels stool

Front 87

Homo

Back 87

(1) human like bodies, (2) large brains, (3) hairless, (4) robust thumb, (5) small gut, (6) high quality diet, (7) reliance on tools, (8) symbolic behavior; worldwide

Front 88

Hyaline cartilage

Back 88

most common type of cartilage; forms fetal skeleton and joint surfaces

Front 89

Hydroxyapatite (Ca¬10(PO4)6(OH)2¬)

Back 89

responsible for bone mineralization

Front 90

Hypaxial muscles

Back 90

innervated by ventral rami

Front 91

Inferior thoracic boundary

Back 91

outlet; inferior margin of the rib cage; diaphragm domes into cavity between T8-T12

Front 92

Inguinal canal

Back 92

Perforation of the anterior abdominal wall, bordered by inguinal ligament; blood vessels and spermatic cord pass through

Front 93

Insertion

Back 93

Attachment of muscle farthest from midline

Front 94

Interior of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Back 94

lined with smooth muscle and mucosal epithelium

Front 95

Internal structures of the breast

Back 95

1) gland lobules, 2) Lactiferous sinuses, 3) Lactiferous ducts

Front 96

Interneurons

Back 96

issue impulses from neuron to neuron; located entirely within CNS

Front 97

Interstitial lamellae

Back 97

remains of old/remodeled osteons

Front 98

Intervertebral discs

Back 98

account for ~25% of vertebral column; cartilaginous joint; act as shock absorbers for spinal column

Front 99

Intramembranous ossification

Back 99

highly influenced by surroundings; bones form around organs/spaces; cranial vault, face, clavicle are made this way

Front 100

Intraperitoneal organs

Back 100

suspended by mesenteries within the parietal peritoneum

Front 101

Inversion

Back 101

the rotation of the foot so that the sole turns inwards

Front 102

Joint

Back 102

connects 2 (or more) bones

Front 103

Kidney

Back 103

regulates water levels and blood pressure; removes nitrogenous waste; produces hormones and urine

Front 104

Kidney stones

Back 104

Jagged, crystalline accumulations of mineral; caused by dehydration, diet, genetics; very painful to pass but usually harmless

Front 105

Kyphosis

Back 105

concave, primary curves

Front 106

Lamellar bone

Back 106

composed of collagen organized like plywood; allows for resistance to multiple forces

Front 107

Large intestine

Back 107

mix feces with mucus and symbiotic bacteria; absorb water and remaining nutrients; no enzymes

Front 108

Lateral

Back 108

towards the side of the body

Front 109

Lateral Rotation

Back 109

rotation away from the body

Front 110

Ligaments

Back 110

connect bone to bone

Front 111

Liver

Back 111

largest gland in the body; processes and stores nutrients and fat soluble vitamins, detoxifies blood, produces bile

Front 112

Lordosis

Back 112

convex, secondary curves

Front 113

Low Mechanical advantage

Back 113

greater speed (more resistance force)

Front 114

Lumbar puncture

Back 114

how to obtain a sample of CSF; do near L4/ iliac crest

Front 115

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 115

articular processes oriented in the sagittal plane; large bodies; mammillary process

Front 116

Lymphatic drainage

Back 116

thoracic duct drains lymph and fatty acids into the left subclavian vein

Front 117

Lymphatic system

Back 117

collects fluids and fatty acids, returns them to the blood stream; aids immune system

Front 118

Macrostructure of bone

Back 118

broken down between trabecular bone and cortical bone

Front 119

Mechanical advantage

Back 119

LAeffort/LAresistance

Front 120

Medial

Back 120

towards the interior or middle of the body

Front 121

Medial Rotation

Back 121

rotation towards the midplane of the body

Front 122

Mediastinum

Back 122

space between the lungs where the heart is

Front 123

Megacolon

Back 123

Damage to parasympathetic nerves can halt peristalsis, leading to stool buildup (fecaloma); pain, constipation, bloating, sepsis

Front 124

Mesenchymal cells

Back 124

pluripotent stem cells

Front 125

Mesenteries

Back 125

thin peritoneal bilayer surrounding blood vessels and nerves; holds organs in place

Front 126

Microstructure of bone

Back 126

broken down between lamellar bone and woven bone

Front 127

Midgut

Back 127

composed of distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending & transverse colon; associated with superior mesenteric artery

Front 128

Muscle function

Back 128

primarily contraction caused by myofilaments shortening sarcomeres

Front 129

Myelin sheath

Back 129

insulating fatty layer that speeds transmission of electrical pulses

Front 130

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Back 130

buildup of arterial plaque in heart blood vessels blocks blood flow to the heart causing heart tissue in the infected area to die; heart compensates by beating harder and faster

Front 131

Myosin

Back 131

thick myofilaments

Front 132

Neck

Back 132

connects head to rest of the bone

Front 133

Nerve

Back 133

bundle of neurons

Front 134

Neural tube

Back 134

integrates movement in vertebrates

Front 135

Neuromuscular scoliosis

Back 135

caused by unequal back muscles; curvature of the spine

Front 136

Neuron

Back 136

nerve cell; composed of body, dendrites, and axon

Front 137

Node of Ranvier

Back 137

portion of axon not covered in myelin sheath; impulse jumps between these

Front 138

Notochord

Back 138

rigid structure; provides support for motion; becomes vertebral column

Front 139

Nucleus pulposus

Back 139

remnant of embryonic notochord; gelatinous

Front 140

Opposition

Back 140

movement of the thumb such that it can face the other fingers and move around its axis

Front 141

Origin

Back 141

Attachment of muscle closest to the midline

Front 142

Osteoblasts

Back 142

bone producing cells; derived from undifferentiated stem cells; located on bone surface; produce extracellular matrix (osteoid); regulate mineralization

Front 143

Osteoclasts

Back 143

bone and cartilage resorbing cells; migratory, multinucleated; produces HCL to dissolve bone mineral; lysosomes digest bone organic components

Front 144

Osteocytes

Back 144

trapped osteoblasts; sensory cells; trapped in mineralized bone matrix; cell to cell communication; transmit nutrients/waste between cells

Front 145

Osteon

Back 145

circular unit in bone around blood vessels; also known as a Haversion system

Front 146

Osteoporosis

Back 146

loss of bone volume

Front 147

Pancreas

Back 147

produces digestive enzymes, enter the pancreatic ducts; produces hormones (including insulin)

Front 148

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 148

“rest and digest”; intake/conservation of energy; craniosacral

Front 149

Parietal peritoneum

Back 149

lines the coelomic cavity; “walls” of the abdomen

Front 150

Pectinate muscles

Back 150

help the heart walls expand and contract when the heart beats; located in the atria

Front 151

Peptic ulcer

Back 151

imbalance in digestive fluids resulting in H. pylori infection; risk factors include medication, health, smoking, and drinking

Front 152

Periosteum

Back 152

tough, fibrous tissue surrounding outside of bone. Bone depositing cells line the inside surface

Front 153

Peritoneum

Back 153

thin, serous membrane that lines the coelomic cavity; secrete serous fluid to lubricate gut movement; organs develop retroperitoneally, pushing into the cavity

Front 154

Pia mater

Back 154

innermost layer of meninges, invests spinal cord

Front 155

Plantar flexion

Back 155

movement of the foot in a downward motion

Front 156

Posterior

Back 156

towards the rear of an animal

Front 157

Premature birth (lungs)

Back 157

at 7.5 months, lung volume is only 50% so infants may have a hard time breathing if born premature

Front 158

Present in all vertebrates at some point in life

Back 158

1) post anal tail, 2) notochord, 3) nerve tube, 4) gills

Front 159

Process

Back 159

projecting bump

Front 160

Pronation

Back 160

the rotating movement of forearm and hand. Rotation so as to turn the palm downward or backward

Front 161

Proximal

Back 161

a relative term meaning closer to the trunk of the body

Front 162

Pyloric sphincter

Back 162

convulsive waves of peristalsis control the rate of digestion and the direction of chyme movement through the GI tract

Front 163

Radial deviation

Back 163

also known as wrist abduction; occurs when hand angles toward the radial side

Front 164

Rectus sheath

Back 164

the aponeuroses of the lateral abdominal muscles, which encases the rectus abdominis

Front 165

Retroperitoneal organs

Back 165

dorsal to the parietal peritoneum

Front 166

Rib formation

Back 166

derived from costal processes of thoracic vertebrae

Front 167

Rib motion while inhaling

Back 167

elevation of lateral shaft of rib; lateral expansion (breathing)

Front 168

Rickets

Back 168

softening of the bone typically caused by deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D (needed for calcium absorption)

Front 169

Rigor mortis

Back 169

in death, no ATP is produced and Ca¬¬¬¬¬2+ is released causing sarcomeres to remain contracted; stiff as a board

Front 170

Sacroiliac joint

Back 170

where the sacrum articulates with the pelvis

Front 171

Sacrum

Back 171

5 fused vertebrae; reduced spines; articulates with the pelvis

Front 172

Sagittal plane (vertical section)

Back 172

from head to tail, parallel to plane of bilateral symmetry III.

Front 173

Sarcomere

Back 173

fundamental unit of skeletal muscle

Front 174

Sarcomeres in parallel

Back 174

increase potential force

Front 175

Sarcomeres in series

Back 175

increase potential contraction distance and speed

Front 176

Schwann’s cells

Back 176

produce myelin

Front 177

Sclerotomes

Back 177

bone for vertebrae, skull, and ribs forms during week 4

Front 178

Secondarily retroperitoneal

Back 178

some organs migrate to the retroperitoneal position during development (pancreas, duodenum, colon)

Front 179

Segmented body

Back 179

muscles; produces motion; came from primitive chordates

Front 180

Shaft

Back 180

linear element of bone

Front 181

Sharpey’s fibers

Back 181

directly attach muscle to bone for greater speed

Front 182

Shingles

Back 182

caused by left over chickenpox virus which remains latent indefinitely in the dorsal root ganglion; immune system depression or stress can trigger reactivation of the virus; tends to follow dermatomes

Front 183

Sinovial fluid

Back 183

lubricates and protects joint surface

Front 184

Skeletal functions

Back 184

(1) shape of body, rigid support, (2) transmits muscle force, (3) blood cell production, (4) protects soft tissue, (5) mineral reservoir

Front 185

Skeletal muscle

Back 185

bundled up group of fascicles, containing muscle fibers with many contractile myofibrils; comes from somites; voluntary

Front 186

Small intestine

Back 186

Approx. 23 feet long; functions include enzymatic digestion, absorption of nutrients, reservoir of gut flora; supported by superior mesenteric artery

Front 187

Smooth muscle

Back 187

Autonomic (involuntary control); unstriated; surrounds digestive tract and blood vessels

Front 188

Somatic tissue

Back 188

‘body’ tissue; striated voluntary (skeletal) muscle, skin, tendons, bone; voluntary

Front 189

Somite

Back 189

bilaterally paired blocks of tissue that will form muscle, skin, vertebrae, and other tissues such as cartilage

Front 190

Spina bifida

Back 190

failure of vertebrae to fully form; spinal cord leakage

Front 191

Spinal nerves

Back 191

31; follow segmental organization coming off spinal cord; composed of afferent and efferent neurons

Front 192

Spleen

Back 192

filters dead blood cells; stores surplus of blood and iron; vital reservoir of antibodies and monocytes

Front 193

Sternum

Back 193

composed of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process; articulates with clavicle and typically 7 ribs via costal cartilage; provides the only boney contact between shoulder girdle (via clavicle) and axial skeleton

Front 194

Sternum motion while inhaling

Back 194

superior and anterior movement (breathing)

Front 195

Stomach

Back 195

secretes acid and enzymes to aid digestion; muscles mechanically mix food and secreted foods into chime

Front 196

Superior thoracic boundary

Back 196

inlet; internal margin of the 1st ribs

Front 197

Supination

Back 197

the rotating movement of forearm and hand. Turns the palm upward or forward.

Front 198

Sympathetic chain

Back 198

a ‘highway’ of sympathetic nerves traveling up and down the spinal cord

Front 199

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 199

“fight or flight”; energy expenditure; thoracolumbar

Front 200

Synapse

Back 200

conduction of signal to another nerve or other cell

Front 201

Tendon

Back 201

connect muscle to bone; allows for energy storage

Front 202

Thicker axon

Back 202

more surface area allows for less resistance to ion flow through the axon

Front 203

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 203

articulates with ribs; articular processes oriented in the coronal plane

Front 204

Trabecular bone

Back 204

spongy/cancellous; light-weight; lacks a haversion canal; lot of surface area

Front 205

Transverse plane (cross section)

Back 205

from one side to the other

Front 206

Transversospinalis muscles

Back 206

semispinalis and multifidus; deep muscles of the back

Front 207

True ribs

Back 207

ribs 1-7; connect to sternum via cartilaginous extensions (costal cartilage)

Front 208

Tubercle

Back 208

located inferiorly to the head of the rib; has articular facets to connect with vertebrae

Front 209

Tubercle/tuberosity

Back 209

bump typically for attachment of ligament/tendon

Front 210

Ulnar deviation

Back 210

also known as wrist adduction; occurs when the hand angles toward the ulnar side

Front 211

Ultrastructure of bone

Back 211

collagen and hydroxyapatite; smallest structure of bone; provides bone with flexibility and rigidity

Front 212

Urine production

Back 212

kidneys filter ~50 gallons of blood per day, producing .8-2 liters of urine

Front 213

Valve regurgitation

Back 213

back flow of blood in the heart; common cause of murmur

Front 214

Ventral

Back 214

the lower/ belly surface of an animal

Front 215

Vermiform appendix

Back 215

function poorly understood; potential microbiome reservoir; attached to cecum

Front 216

Vertebral artery

Back 216

passes through the transverse foramen in cervical vertebrae; supplies the neck and brain with blood

Front 217

Vertebral column

Back 217

mobile rod protects dorsal nerve (spinal) cord; facilitates muscle attachment & movement

Front 218

Vertebral ligaments

Back 218

ligamentum flavum, intertransverse ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament, nuchal ligament; all limit flexibility of the vertebral column

Front 219

Visceral peritoneum

Back 219

covers organs

Front 220

Visceral tissue

Back 220

‘gut’ tissue; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, organs; involuntary

Front 221

White matter

Back 221

myelinated axons

Front 222

Wolff’s Law

Back 222

Bone is dynamic tissue that responds to loading

Front 223

Women and Osteoporosis

Back 223

1) women have less bone volume to start out with, 2) estrogen stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity. Menopause causes a lack of estrogen

Front 224

Woven bone

Back 224

rapidly formed bone; avascular; no collagen organization; often poorly mineralized