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70 Cards in this Set
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Suggests that biological differences b/w sexes interact with the environment to produce culture-specific sex roles that are adaptations to the environment |
Biosocial model |
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Concept refers to Mexican-American gender role differentiation & is characterized by traditional expectations of male gender role |
Machismo |
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Men are more jealous of ___ infidelity, women are more jealous of ____ |
Sexual Emotional |
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Researchers examined gender differences in self-concept by having students in 14 countries rate 300 adjectives on adjective checklist as to whether they described self or ideal self |
Wiliams and Best |
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Refers to the degree to which a person has awareness or recognition that he or she adopts a particular gender role |
Gender Identity |
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Breastfeeding is an example of what gender/sex terminology? |
Sex role |
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Psychosocial or behavioral characteristics typically associated w/ men and women which may or may not be true |
Gender stereotype |
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Refers to judgments about men and women ought to be like or do in a particular culture |
Gender role ideology |
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Term refers to gender identity that involves endorsement of both male & female characteristics |
androgeny |
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Cultures high on this variable tend to have moralist attitudes about sex & place high importance on religion in life |
Masculinity |
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Traditional cultures tend to view this as a virtue for unmarried women |
Chastity |
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Attitudes regarding sex & sexuality are often tied to this cultural value |
Honor |
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What gender is overrepresented in studies currently? |
Women (used to be men) |
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A way we organize and understand experiences and ourselves by our gender |
Gender Schemas (Bem) |
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On the gender stereotypes adjective checklist, how did each gender see themselves? |
Men: active, strong, critical, extroverted Women: passive, nurturing, agreeable, neurotic |
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On the adjective checklist, which countries preferred male characteristics? which preferred female? |
Male: Japan & South Africa
Female: Italy & Peru |
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Traditional stereotype differentiation was higher in countries w/ what characteristics: |
- Conservative & hierarchical - Lower SES development - Lo christian affiliation - Lo proportion of women at university |
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Gibbons found what characteristics were universal in children's drawings of ideal characteristics |
Kind, honest |
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Type of communication is among people of the same cultural background where they share the same ground rules about encoding & decoding or cultural codes |
Intracultural communication |
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Type of communication is between people of different cultural background where they do not use the same ground rules |
Intercultural communication |
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Concept allows people to be conscious of their own habits, mental scripts and cultural expectations well as create new mental categories, remain open to new information and be aware of multiple perspectives |
Mindfulness |
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Difficulties arise because of non familiarity or lack of fluency in speaking a language and because of uncertainty or ambiguity about the intended meaning of messages when received in a foreign language |
Foreign language processing difficulties |
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Types of cues involve tone, voice, informaiton, pitch, speech rate, use of silence & volume |
Paralinguistic cues |
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Concept involves conveying verbal meaning without words and is culture specific |
Emblems |
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Allows us to become more mindful of our communications styles and to engage in more constructive & open thought processes, thus creating new mental categories |
Regulating negative emotions |
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Group of people considered most ethnocentric of all people due to geographic isolation & economic and military power |
Americans |
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Contributions of language to culture |
Universal psych ability in humans Basis for creation & maintenance of culture Shared intentionality Large social networks Meaning through use of symbols |
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Differentiate between Japanese & American apologies |
Japanese: direct, extreme, compensation American: indirect, explanation |
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
Linguistic Relativity: Speakers of different languages think differently because of the differences in their language |
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Cultural systems for curing mental illness such as folk healers |
Indigenous healing systems |
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Happens when a clinician judges a behavior as pathological when in fact it is a normal variation of a client's culture |
Overpathologizing |
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When a clinician indiscriminately explain's a clients behavior as cultural when it is in fact pathology |
Underpathologizing |
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View suggesting culture and psychopathology are intextricably intertwined and that disorders can be understood only in the cultural framework in which they occur |
Cultural relativism |
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Types of family communication characterized by hostility, criticism and emotional over involvement, which tend to exacerbate schizophrenic symptoms |
Expressed emotions |
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Diagnosis will be the second leading cause of illness-related disability by 2020 |
Major Depressive Disorder |
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Syndromes are forms of abnormal behavior observed in certain specific sociocultural milieus |
Cultural bound syndromes |
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Compared to England, US and Soviet Union, these types of countries tend to have more positive course of Schizophrenia What specific countries? |
developing countries Columbia, India, Nigeria |
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Matsumoto & Juang specifically talk about this population being one of the most likely overpathologized by MMPI-2 |
Native Americans |
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Parameters of diagnosing through cultural relativism |
Behavior is rare or infrequent Impairs daily functioning Goes against societal norms Causes subjective distress |
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Refers to how we think and feel about ourselves |
Self-esteem |
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Collection of psychological processes by which we bolster ourselves |
Self-enhancement |
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Theory suggests that because humans have unique cognitive abilities, we are only animals aware and fearful of the fact that we will die |
Terror Managemetn Theory |
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Tendency to explain the behaviors of others using internal attributions but explain one's own behaviors using external attributions |
Correspondance Bias or Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Type of false uniqueness effect is not commonly found out of the US |
better than average effect |
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Sense of self-perception is based on the principle of the fundamental connectedness among people & describes a person who views him/herself as unbounded, flexible & contingent |
Interdependent construal of self |
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According to this theory, individuals focus on personal, internal attributes expressing them in public and verifying & confirming them in private through social comparison. Bounded entity, clearly separated from others |
Independent construal of self |
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Form of identity that refers to qualities within our self in relation to others |
Relational identity |
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When an individual is not recognized as a member of a group to which he or she identifies |
Identity Denial |
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The idea or images one has about oneself & how or why one behaves the way one does |
Self-concept |
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Self-concept is driven by what? |
World view Need for affiliation and uniqueness Understanding values |
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In Buss' study about mate selection across culture the finding that males value reproductive capacity more highly than females supports what framework? |
Evolutionary-Based framework |
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Schmitt's study found that people who engaged in this behavior were found to be more extraverted, disagreeable, unconscientious, unfaithful, and etrophilic |
Mate poaching |
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Type of love more valued in cultures with few, strong extended family ties |
Romantic love |
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Commonplace daily, verbal, behavioral and environmental indignities - intentional or unintentional, communicate hostile, derogatory or negative slights and insults to target group or person |
(racial) microaggressions |
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Intercultural process refers to changing one's behaviors because of knowledge of the target culture's beliefs, norms and attitudes |
Adaptation |
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Intercultural process more affected by cultural fit, emotional regulation and need for cognitive closure |
Adjustment |
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Defined broadly as interpersonal trust, civic engagement, time spent w/ friends |
Social capital |
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Term refers to norms which place a strong emphasis on status and reputation that, if threatened, leads to violence and aggression |
culture of honor |
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___ cultures tend to be more trusting, engaging, higher volunteerism & higher charitable giving |
Individualistic |
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Distinguish between conformity, compliance & obedience |
Conformity: yielding to real or imagined social pressure Compliance: yielding in public Obedience: yielding to direct commands from authority |
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Degree to which different societies and cultures develop ways to deal with anxiety and stress resulting from ambiguity |
Uncertainty avoidance |
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Shared perception of organizational policies, practices and procedures |
organizational climate |
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Phenomenon demonstrated in a study of Chinese school children and task completion in which researchers found that personal performance was enhanced in group settings |
Social striving |
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Organizational decision making process, proposals are circulated to everyone in the organization who will be affected by a decision All views are taken into account |
Ringi system |
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Refers to a collective pattern of thinking by everyone that hinders effective group decisions |
Groupthink |
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Culture high on Hofstede dimension is likely to develop highly refined rules and rituals that are mandated and became part of the company rubric and normal way of operating |
Short-term/long-term orientation |
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Cultures low on Hofstede dimension are likely to minimize the rules, mechanisms and rituals that serve to maintain and strengthen the status relationships among organization membrs |
power distance |
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Terms differentiate the degree to which one's ties to an organization is bound by duty and obligation or personal feelings associated w/ one's relationship to an organization |
Normative & Affective committment |
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GLOBE project found these two characteristics of leadership were universally endorsed as effective |
Charisma & Team Orientation |
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Principle under which contributions and efforts are considered in making organizational decisions |
Equity |
