Cultural Geography Chapter 1

Front 1

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Back 1

Agricultural Density

Front 2

the total number of people divided by the total land area.

Back 2

Arithmetic Density

Front 3

An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.

Back 3

Base line

Front 4

The science of making maps.

Back 4

Cartopgraphy

Front 5

The spread of something over a given area.

Back 5

Concentration

Front 6

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

Back 6

Connections

Front 7

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or tend throughout a population.

Back 7

Contagious diffusion

Front 8

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

Back 8

Cultural ecology

Front 9

The fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.

Back 9

Cultural landscape

Front 10

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material that together constitute the distinct tradition of group of people.

Back 10

Culture

Front 11

The frequency with which something exists without a given unit of area.

Back 11

Density

Front 12

The spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

Back 12

Diffusion

Front 13

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Back 13

Distance decay

Front 14

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Back 14

Deistribution

Front 15

A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

Back 15

Environmental determinism

Front 16

The spread of a feature of trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Back 16

Expansion diffusion

Front 17

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics. (or uniform or homogeneous region)

Back 17

Formal region

Front 18

An area organized around a node of focal point. (or nodal region?)

Back 18

Functional region

Front 19

The computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Back 19

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Front 20

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Back 20

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Front 21

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Back 21

Globalization

Front 22

The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0° longitude.

Back 22

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

Front 23

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Back 23

Hearth

Front 24

The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority of power to other persons or places.

Back 24

Hierarchical diffusion

Front 25

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross it heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

Back 25

International Date Line

Front 26

A law that divided much of the United States into townships to facilicate the sale of land to settlers.

Back 26

Land Ordinance of 1785

Front 27

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuing distance north and south of the equator (0°).

Back 27

Latitude

Front 28

The position of anything on Earth's surface.

Back 28

Loction

Front 29

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring east and west of the prime meridian (0°).

Back 29

Longitude

Front 30

A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.

Back 30

Map

Front 31

A representation of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.

Back 31

Mental Map

Front 32

An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles

Back 32

Meridian

Front 33

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

Back 33

Parallel

Front 34

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study

Back 34

Pattern

Front 35

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Back 35

Physiological Density

Front 36

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Back 36

A place or a polder

Front 37

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions but that people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Back 37

Possibilism

Front 38

The meridian, designated as 0° longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

Back 38

Prime Meridian

Front 39

A north-south line designates in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.

Back 39

Principal Meridian

Front 40

The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.

Back 40

A projection or a region

Front 41

An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.

Back 41

Regional (or cultural landscape) studies

Front 42

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Back 42

Relocation diffusion

Front 43

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

Back 43

Remote sensing

Front 44

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable use.

Back 44

Resource

Front 45

Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth as a whole; specifically, the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

Back 45

Scale

Front 46

A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections.

Back 46

Section

Front 47

The physical character of a place.

Back 47

Space

Front 48

The location of a place relative to other places.

Back 48

Situation

Front 49

The physical gab or interval between two objects.

Back 49

Space

Front 50

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

Back 50

Space-time compression

Front 51

The spread of an underlying principle, even through a specific characteristic is rejected.

Back 51

Stimulus diffusion

Front 52

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.

Back 52

Toponym

Front 53

A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.

Back 53

Township

Front 54

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Back 54

Transnational corporation

Front 55

The increasing gab in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

Back 55

Uneven Development

Front 56

An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity. (or perceptual region?)

Back 56

Vernacular Region

Front 57

Geographers observe that people are being pulled apart by what two factors?

Back 57

Globalization and Local Diversity

Hint 57

Modern communications and technology have fostered globalization pulling people into greater cultural and economic interactions with each other. People are also searching for more ways to express their unique cultural, traditional and economic practices.

Front 58

The word geography was invented by who? What does it mean?

Back 58

It was first used by the Greek scholar Eratosthenes. "Geo" means Earth and "Graphy" means to write.

Front 59

What two questions do geographers ask?

Back 59

1. Where are people and activities located on Earth. & 2. Why are they found there.

Front 60

The study of where and why human activities are located where there are.

Back 60

Human Geography

Front 61

The study of where and why natural forces occur as they do.

Back 61

Physical Geography

Front 62

What two categories are geography divided into?

Back 62

Physical & Human

Front 63

What is geography's most important tool?

Back 63

A Map

Front 64

What two purposes do maps serve?

Back 64

A tool for reference material and a tool for communicating geographic information.

Front 65

Where and when are the earliest surviving maps from?

Back 65

The Middle East in the 7th or 6th century B.C.

Front 66

Who first thought that the Earth was spherical?

Back 66

Aristotle in 384-322 B.C

Front 67

When did the revival of geography and mapmaking occur?

Back 67

During the Age of Exploration and Discovery.

Front 68

Who created the eight volume "Guide to Geography"?

Back 68

The Greek Ptolemy (100-170 AD)

Front 69

In what three ways is a map scale presented?

Back 69

A ratio or fraction, a written scale, or a graphic scale.

Front 70

Show the numerical ratio between distances on a map and Earth's surface.

Back 70

A ratio or fraction map scale.

Front 71

Describes the relationship between Earth and a map in words.

Back 71

A written scale.

Front 72

Usually consist of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface.

Back 72

A graphic scale

Front 73

What four types of distortion can occur when drawing maps?

Back 73

Shape, relative size, distance and direction.

Front 74

When on a map the Eastern and Western hemisphere are separated into two pieces. This is called?

Back 74

An interruption or characteristic

Front 75

What three elements do GPS systems in the U.S. include?

Back 75

1. Satellites placed in predetermined orbits by the US military (24 in operation and 3 in reserve)
2. Tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites.
3. A receiver that can locate at least 4 satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to pinpoint its own location.

Front 76

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods is known as?

Back 76

Remote Sensing

Front 77

A computer system that can capture, store, query, display and analyze geographic data is a?

Back 77

GIS (Geographic Information System.

Front 78

What are the benefits of GIS?

Back 78

GIS is more efficient for making a map than pen and ink: Objects can be added or removed, colors brightened or toned down, and mistakes corrected (as long as humans find them) without having to tear up the paper and start from scratch.

Hint 78

GIS involve storing information about a location in layers. Each Layer represents a different piece of human and environmental information. The layers can be viewed individually or in combination. (See page 12)

Front 79

This man pioneered a technique of comparing layers of various physical and social features to determine where new roads and houses should be built and where the landscape should be protected from development.

Back 79

Scottish environmentalist Ian McHarg

Front 80

These users have the ability to do their own GIS because computer mapping services provide access to the application programming interface (API), which is the language that lings a database such as an address list with software such as mapping.

Back 80

Desktop Computer Users

Front 81

This term refers to a practice of overlaying data from one source on top of one of the mapping services and comes form the hip-hop practice of mixing two or more songs.

Back 81

Mash-Up

Front 82

Which two basic concepts help geographers to explaining why every point on Earth is in some ways unique?

Back 82

Place and Region

Hint 82

The difference between the two concepts is partly a matter of scale: A place is a point, whereas a region is an area.

Front 83

Situation is a valuable way to indicate location for what two reasons?

Back 83

Finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance.

Front 84

How are things like longitude and latitude derived?

Back 84

Longitude is a human creation. Latitudes area scientifically derived by Earth's shape and its rotation around the Sun. L

Front 85

Who won the prize to invent a clock that could keep accurate time on a ship?

Back 85

English clock-maker John Harrison won the prize by inventing the first portable clock that could keep accurate time on a ship - because it did not have a pendulum. When the Sun was directly over the ship - noon local time - Harrison's portable clock set to Greenwich time could say it was 2 pm in greenwich, for example, so the ship would be at 30 degrees west longitude because each hour of difference was equivalent to traveling 15 degrees longitude.

Hint 85

Most 18th century scientist were convinced that longitude could be determined only by position of the stars, so Harrison was not actually awarded the prize until 40 years after his invention.

Front 86

Geographers most often apply the concept of region in one of what two scales?

Back 86

1. Several neighboring countries that share important features, such as those in Latin America.
2. Many localities within a country, such as those in Southern California.

Front 87

What is the fundamental principle underlying the cultural landscape approach?

Back 87

That people are the most important agents of change to Earth's surface.

Front 88

What are four standard timezone that the US and Canada share? W

Back 88

1. The Eastern Standard Time Zone
2. The Central Standard Time Zone
3. The Mountain Standard Time Zone
4. The Pacific Standard Time Zone

Front 89

What three types of regions do geographers identify?

Back 89

Formal, functional, and vernacular.

Front 90

Define the word culture in two different ways and explain the meaning of the word culture itself.

Back 90

To care about - to adore or worship something, as in the modern word cult.
To take care of - to nurse or look after something, as in the modern word cultivate. The origin of the word culture is the Latin Cultus, which means "to care for".

Front 91

Cultural values are derived from a groups what 3 things?

Back 91

Language, Religion, and Ethnicity

Front 92

A system of signs, sounds, gestures and marks that have meanings understood within a cultural group.

Back 92

Language

Hint 92

People communicate the cultural values they care about through language, and the words themselves tell something about where different cultural groups are located.

Front 93

An important cultural value because it is the principal system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through which people worship in a formal, organized way.

Back 93

Religion

Front 94

This encompasses a group's language, religion and other cultural values, as well as physical traits.

Back 94

Ethnicity.

Front 95

What is the second element of culture of interest to geographers.

Back 95

The production of material wealth - such as the food, clothing, and shelter that humans need in order to survive and thrive.

Front 96

A long term average weather condition at a particular location.

Back 96

Climate

Front 97

Name the five types of climates commonly associated on maps as established by German climatologist Vladimir Koppen.

Back 97

A - Tropical Climates
B - Dry Climates
C - Warm Mid-Latitude Climates
D - Cold Mid-Latitude Climates
E - Polar Climates

Front 98

What are the four main biomes?

Back 98

Forest, Savanna, Grassland and Desert.

Front 99

Trees from a continuous canopy over the ground; grasses and shrubs may grow beneath the cover.

Back 99

Forest Biome

Front 100

The trees do not form a continuous canopy, and the resultant lack of shade allows grass to grow.

Back 100

Savanna Biome

Front 101

Land is covered by grass rather than trees; few trees grow in the region because of low precipitation.

Back 101

Grassland Biome

Front 102

Although many of these areas have essentially no vegetation, the region contains dispersed patched of planets adapted to dry condition.

Back 102

Desert Biome

Front 103

Currently the US Comprehensive Soil Classification System divides global soil types into how many orders?

Back 103

12 Orders

Hint 103

Soil is classified according to the characteristics of the immediate surface soil layers and the subsoil.

Front 104

What two basic problems contribute to the destruction of soil?

Back 104

Erosion and Depletion of nutrients

Front 105

The study of Earth's land-forms - a type of science used by geographers.

Back 105

Geomorphology

Hint 105

Geomorphology helps to explain the distribution of people and the choice of economic activities at different locaitons. People preefer living on flatter land, which genreally is bettter suided for agricutlrer. greater concentrations of people and activities in hilly area may require extensive effort to modify the landscape.

Front 106

What are the two most heavily modified regions within the Earth, as done by humans.

Back 106

The Netherlands and Florida's Everglades.

Front 107

A once very wide and shallow freshwater river 80 kilometers (50 miles) wide and 15 centimeters (6 inches) deep, slowing flowing south from Lake Okeechobee to the Gulf of Mexico.

Back 107

The Everglades

Front 108

This the US group built a levee around Lake Okeechobee during the 1930s, drained the northern one-third of the Everglades during the 1940s, diverted the Kissimmee River in the canals during the 1950s, and constructed dikes and levees near Miami and Fort Lauderdale during the 1960s.

Back 108

The US Army Corps of Engineers

Front 109

This is important in the contemporary world because it can explain human actions at all scales.

Back 109

Geography

Front 110

This has helped heighten economic differences among places.

Back 110

Globalization of the Economy

Front 111

T or F: A large population does not necessarily lead to a high density?

Back 111

True

Front 112

T or F: High population density is related to poverty?

Back 112

False

Front 113

What three main properties of distribution do geographers identify across the Earth?

Back 113

Density, Concentration and Pattern

Front 114

If an object in an area is too close together, they are? If they relatively far apart they are?

Back 114

Clustered - Dispersed.

Front 115

How do geographers describe where things are?

Back 115

Geography is most fundamentally a spatial science. Geographer’s use maps to display the location of objects and to extract information about places. Early geographers drew maps of Earth's surface based on exploration and observation. GIS and other contemporary tolls assist geographers in understanding reasons for observed regularities across Earth.

Front 116

Why is each point on Earth unique?

Back 116

Every place in the world has a unique location or position on Earth’s surface. Geographers also identify regions as areas distinguished by distinctive combinations of cultural as well as economic and environmental features. The distributions of features help us to understand why every place and every region is unique.

Front 117

Why are different places similar?

Back 117

Geographers work at all scales, from local to global. The global scale is increasingly important because few places in the contemporary world are totally isolated. Because places are connected to each other, they display similarities. Geographers study the interactions of groups of people and human activates across space, and they identify processes by which people and ideas diffuse from one location to another over time.

Front 118

What map scale would a cartographer choose if one inch of road on a map represents 54,000 inches on the ground?

Back 118

1:54,000

Front 119

Which country spans the most time zones?

Back 119

Russia

Front 120

Transferring locations from Earth's surface to a flat map is called projection. What types of distortion can occur in this transference?
The relative size of different areas may be altered.
The shape of an area can be distorted.
The direction from one place to another can be distorted.
The distance between two points may be incorrect.
All of the above are true.

Back 120

All of the above are true.

Front 121

The most fundamental concept in geography is _____.

Back 121

Location

Front 122

The relationship between humans and the environment is explained by geographers in which of the following ways?

Back 122

possibilism

Front 123

Geographers call the name given to a portion of Earth's surface its _____.

Back 123

toponym

Front 124

Lines of _____ are drawn as east and west circles on the globe and yet they measure distances north and south of the _____.

Back 124

latitude, equator

Front 125

Wall Street, the financial world's economic focal point, is what kind of region?

Back 125

nodal

Front 126

Which of the following is NOT a formal culture region?

Back 126

the distribution network for USA Today newspaper

Front 127

Imagine that you are aboard a ship on September 21 sailing along the equator. Glancing upward you notice that the sun is directly overhead. Your watch is set to Greenwich time and reads 6 p.m. What is your longitude?

Back 127

90 degrees west of Greenwich

Front 128

A map generally has all of the following attributes EXCEPT _____.

Back 128

1:1 scale

Front 129

If it is 12:00 noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), what time will it be in Los Angeles, California?

Back 129

4:00 a.m.

Front 130

The Spanish-language concentration of Little Havana in Miami is an example of what type of diffusion?

Back 130

relocation diffusion

Front 131

Which map scale shows the most detail?

Back 131

1:10,000

Front 132

Imagine that you are interested in purchasing a parcel of undeveloped rural property. You have enough money to purchase twenty quarter sections. According to the township and range system, of how many acres will this property consist?

Back 132

3,200