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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Caste system
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Heredity-caste is inherited
Endogamy-marrying within the caste Hierarchy Races are most likely separated as race is inherited |
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Class system
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Based on money
Occupation Not based on heredity and can change Includes lifestyle |
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Ancestral Traditionalism
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Patriarchy is strong
Word of mouth is how traditions spread Respect for elders Small difference between sacred and secular |
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Warrior tradition
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underdeveloped greed.
"Civilization is developed out of the root of luxury" Adam Smith said Wealth is created by pursuit of profit" |
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State-inspired nationalism
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State is a system of power and authority and nation is a system of identity
Most important cases of nationalism: Germany- under Bismarck Italy- under Garibaldi Somalia- outside of Europe Zionist movement-example of expansionist nationalism |
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Religion inspired nationalism
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Muslim nationalism in British India culminated with Britain pulling away from India
Irish Catholic- treated badly by British, in racist ways even though they were all white, broke away from Britain Islamic and Jewish forms - Zionism is only one form of Jewish nationalism -India is secular, but a lot of Hindu nationalism |
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Language inspired nationalism
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African nationalism in South Africa-language is Afrikaans
Arabic- one of major religions of world |
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Tribal inspired nationalism
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Nigerian civil war created by Igbo nationalism
Zulu nationalism (South Africa) Asia-Tamagles Sri Lanka |
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Culturally inspired nationalism
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How to turn Africans into French people-through school systems, language, etc.
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English Revolution
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Henry VIII broke away from Anglican Church of England-in US known as episcopalian
John Locke's influence-Life, Liberty and property (pursuit of happiness) -Strengthened Parliament and weakened the Monarchy England-never a secular state, Arch bishop of Canterbury is also Prime Minister |
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French Revolution
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Bloodier
Marginalization of the church-confiscation of church property executed a King and abolished a Monarchy |
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American Revolution
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Less revolutionary than French, but more revolutionary than British Revolution
disowned a King-originally people wanted Washington to be King |
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3 propositions for language
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Africa invented language
Asia sacredized language Europe spread/universalized language |
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Africa
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species originated in Africa so language and concept of a family did as well
In Southern Africa there are 'click' languages which are extremely hard to learn unless a child grows up with them. Big-differentiation languages-almost exclusively oral Egypt is the country with the largest amount of Arab speakers in Africa Most important language on east coast of Africa is Swahili In West Africa-Hausa Both larger in speakers than in any other indigenous language |
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Asia
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Originated religions
Qur'an also originated in Asia (Koran) Hinduism is the oldest, then Judaism, then Christianity & Islam (out of those four) |
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Europe
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-Language needs 500 million users in order to be known as a global language
-Must be national language of 10 countries-used for basic national business French is second most globalized language in Europe (without Africa, French would be a provincial language) Arabic-only thing it does not satisfy is number of speakers, language of Islam though so will most likely get there. Canada-the only place besides France in the northern hemisphere where French is not declining; also Switzerland-multilingual country but French is most important. |
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Multinational regional languages (languages that are not global)
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Somalia
German- Austria and Switzerland also speak it. Hindu Swahili or Kiswahili Urbu-primarily a language in Pakistan |
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Transnational languages
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Language of several countries that are not contiguous.
Best demonstration is Portuguese- spoken in Angola, Mozambique Brazil (separated by thousands of miles) |
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Linguistic partitions of the 20th century
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Canada-if Quebec had withdrawn
Czechoslovakia- clash of identities rather than clash of languages East Pakistan-uses Urbu but has other languages such as Punjabi. Religion is the uniting force |
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Communal language (ethnic language)
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Many in Africa including Uganda, zulu language,
West Africa-Hausa In India- a lot of loyalty languages there In Arab world (Turkey)-Kurdish is big |
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What are causes of Africa being weak in linguistic nationalism?
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-Racially Based
-Most countries are multilingual -Need a lingua franca (language to unite the country when there are a lot of other languages around so they could all speak to each other) -Germans thought Africans weren't good enough to speak German -French thought Africans were ONLY good enough if they spoke French -Racism: Languages (especially Romance languages) were racist towards other cultures; Germanic people were more hostile to intermarriage, sexual relations or mating. -Apartheid: 2nd half of 20th century -Less obsessed with purity of blood and more obsessed with superiority of culture -Lack of sacred scripture in the African languages (Big, sacred scriptures originated in Asia, Bible was hijacked by the Europeans) *Exception- Somali people are very nationalistic about their language |
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Gender Inequalities:
Biological Explanations |
Females are more vulnerable month to month (period); physical capabilities
-Nursing- women perfect babies while men still have physical independence Plus of female vulnerability- developed areas of protective culture with men |
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Economic Explanations
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Laws of inheritance- in many culture, subordinating women and favoring males.
-British culture-inheriting title -Men became the breadwinners; because of hunting and gathering- men used to do the hunting, women did gathering |
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Military Explanations
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-fighting forces are overwhelmingly male; in some societies entirely male
-masculinity of violence: if we look in jails, more men kill with knives and more women with poison |
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Cultural Explanations
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-Masculinity of God
-Women take husband's name -Polygamy (Polyjany = 1 man, several women; polyandry = 1 women, several men) |
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Types of Sexism:
Benevolent Sexism |
Discrimination in favor of the other sex
-Small gestures like opening doors for women -Ex: Titanic-women and children were saved first |
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Benign Sexism
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Emphasize difference without emphasizing inequality
Ex: Dress code- Hijab- form of dress where hair even needs to be covered -Gender specific names is also benign sexism |
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Malignant Sexism
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-cultural injustices
-separate but unequal -political disempowerment -economic marginalization -Physical punishments of women -female circumcision (male circumcision is a lot more accepted) -domestic violence |
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Tiv of Nigeria
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-Village democracy based on oral tradition
-legends and lessons, morality and manner are all passed down orally -women get a plot of land of their own + violation to take a second wife without giving her a plot of land of her own |
