Cultural Diversity 1

Front 1

Culture

Back 1

consists of the totality of scoially transmitted knowledge of values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular group that guides their thoughts and behaviors.

Front 2

Culture evolves as what?

Back 2

a way of life by a group of people who deal with similar issues of survival over a period of time in their environment.

Front 3

Kalahari bushmen

Back 3

are a tribe comprised of several families governed by a council of elder males.

Front 4

It is important to understand that the ___value-belief system of a particular culture is the major driving force behind __practices.

Back 4

invisible; visible

Front 5

Ethnicity

Back 5

refers to a shared identity related to social and cultural heritage such as vaules, language, geographical space, and racial characteristics.

Front 6

A term that is usually contrasted from ethnicity is what?

Back 6

Race, which is limited to the common biological attributes shared by a group such as skin color.
Examples of racial classifications include blacks and whites.

Front 7

Emic Worldview

Back 7

insider or native perspective

Front 8

Etic Worldview

Back 8

outsider's perspective

Front 9

Enculturation

Back 9

Socialization into one's primary culture as a child

Front 10

Acculturation

Back 10

Process of adapting to and adopting a new culture

Front 11

Assimilation

Back 11

Results when an individual gives up his/her ethnic identity in favor of the dominant culture

Front 12

Biculturalism

Back 12

Occurs when an individual identifies equally with two or more cultures

Front 13

Cultural backlash

Back 13

May occur as a countercultural effect when experience with the new or different is extremely negative and the culture is then rejected

Front 14

Previous knowledge about a culture is known as what?

Back 14

holding knowledge; which persists until an accurate assessment of the individual's emic stance about his/her life is obtained

Front 15

Transcultural nursing

Back 15

Comparative study of cultures to understand similarities (culture universal) and differences (culture-specific) across human groups.

Front 16

Culturally congruent care

Back 16

care that fits the people's valued life patterns and set of meanings-which is generated from the people themselves, rather than based on predetermined criteria

Front 17

Culturally competent care requires what?

Back 17

specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes in the delivery of culturally congruent care.

Front 18

What are the three distinct levels of cultural competence?

Back 18

Practitioner, organizational, and societal levels.

Front 19

Culturally competent care is what?

Back 19

the ability of the practitioner to bridge cultural gaps in caring, work with cultural differences, and enable clients and families to achieve meaningful and supportive caring.

Front 20

Cultural competence as a process of development with five interlocking components:

Back 20

cultural awareness, knowledge, skill, encounters, and desire.

Front 21

Cultural awareness is

Back 21

an in-depth self-examination of one's won background, recognizing biases, and prejudices and assumptions about other people.

Front 22

Cultural knowledge is

Back 22

obtaining sufficient comparative knowledge of diverse groups including their indigenous values, health beliefs, care practices, worldview, and biocultural ecology

Front 23

Cultural skill is

Back 23

Includes assessment of social, cultural, and biophysical factors influencing treatment and care of clients

Front 24

Cultural encounters is

Back 24

Involves the engagement in cross-cultural interactions that can provide learning of other cultures and opportunities for effective intercultural communication development

Front 25

Cultural desire is

Back 25

the motivation and commitment to caring that moves an individual to learn from others, accept the role as learner, be open and accepting of cultural differences, and build upon cultural similarities

Front 26

Cultural competence is the process of what?

Back 26

acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes that ensure delivery of culturally congruent care.

Front 27

Ethnocentrism

Back 27

a tendency to hold one's own way of life as superior to others.

Front 28

Ethnocentrism is the root of what?

Back 28

biases and prejudices comprising beliefs and attitudes associating negative permanent characteristics with people who are perceived to be different from the valued group.

Front 29

When action is taken on one's prejudices, what occurs?

Back 29

discrimination

Front 30

Cultural imposition

Back 30

when health care practitioners use their own values and lifeways as the absolute guide in dealing with clients and interpreting their behaviors

Front 31

Culture is the context of what?

Back 31

groups of people interpret and define their experiences relevant to life transitions such as birthing, illness, and dying.

Front 32

Culture is the framework of what?

Back 32

used in defining social phenomena such as when a person is healthy or requires intervention.

Front 33

Hmong believe in what?

Back 33

Global causation of the illness that goes beyind the mind and body of the person to forces in nature

Front 34

Among the Hmong refugees, what is a shaman?

Back 34

a person who can perform the ritual to retrieve the client's soul

Front 35

Holism

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is evident in the belief in continuity between humans and nature, and between human events and metaphysical and magico-religious phenomena.

Front 36

A shaman uses rituals symbolizing what?

Back 36

the supernatural, spiritual, and naturalistic modalities of prayers, herbs, and incense burning

Front 37

The dominant value orientation in North American society is what?

Back 37

Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.

Front 38

Comparative Cultural Contexts of Health and Illness: Western Cultures

Back 38

Causes of illness: Biomedical causes
Method of diagnosis: Scientific, high tech; Specialty focused; Organ-specific manifestations
Treatment: Specialty specific; Pharmacological; Surgery
Practitioners/Healers: Uniform standards and qualifications for practice
Caring pattern: Self-care; Self-determination

Front 39

Comparative Cultural Contexts of Health and Illness: Non-Western Cultures

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Cause of illness: Imbalance between humans and nature; Supernatural; Magico-religious
Method of diagnosis: Naturalistic, magico-religious; holistic; mixed; global, nonspecific symptomatology
Treatment: holistic; mixed (magico-religious, supernatural herbal, biomedical, etc.)
Practitioners/Healers: May be learned through apprenticeship; criteria for practice not uniform; reputation established in community
Caring pattern: Caring provided by others; Group reliance and interdependence

Front 40

Externalizing systems

Back 40

connect health and illness to social and cosmological factors.
Example: HIV/AIDS may be seen as punishment from God for one's evil deeds (cosmological) or transgression of social taboos (dishonoring one's elders)

Front 41

Internalizing systems

Back 41

are observed in modern societies with highly scientific and technological capacity to examine internal structural and biological causes of health and illness
Example: Western biomedical system, which has been critized for being specialty driven and having a tendency to minimize effects of social and cultural factors on health and illness

Front 42

Naturalistic practitioners attitude illness to what?

Back 42

natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause alteration in the equilibrium of the human body.

Front 43

Personalistic practitioners believe what?

Back 43

that health and illness can be caused by active influence of an external agent, which can be human (i.e., sorcerer) or nonhuman (e.g., ghosts, evil, or deity)

Front 44

Many Southeast Asian cultures practice folk remedies such as what?

Back 44

coining, cupping, pinching, and burning to relieve aches and pains and remove bad wind or noxious elements that cause illness.

Front 45

Eastern Europeans, also use ___ as an acceptable treatment for respiratory ailments

Back 45

cupping

Front 46

Cultural Healers: Cultural Group: Chinese and Southeast Asians

Back 46

Herbalist; Acupuncturist; Fortune teller; Shaman

Front 47

Cultural Healers: Cultural Group: Asian Indians

Back 47

Ayurvedic practitioner

Front 48

Cultural Healers: Cultural Group: Native American

Back 48

Shaman

Front 49

Cultural Healers: Cultural Group: African American

Back 49

Old lady "granny midwife"; Spiritualist; Voodoo practitioners-Hougan (male), Mambo (female)

Front 50

Cultural Healers: Cultural Group: Hispanic

Back 50

Curandero/a; Parteras (Lay midwives); Yerbero (Herbalist); Sabador (Bonesetters); Espiritista (Spiritualist); Santero/a

Front 51

Culture-bound syndrome

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are illness constituted by the personal, social, and cultural explanations and reactions of a given society to perceived dysfunctions or abnormalities in its members

Front 52

Hwa-Byung

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is a Korean culture-bound syndrome observed amoung middle-age, low-income women who are overwhelmed and frustrated by the burden of caregiving for their in-laws, husbands, and children.

Front 53

Symptoms of Hwa-Byung

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insomnia, fatigue, anorexia, indigestion, feelings of an epigastric mass, palpitations, heat, panic, feelings of impending doom, dyspnea, and others

Front 54

Rites of passage

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significant social markers of changes in a person's life.

Front 55

What is a ritual denoting love and caring for the client in the Western World?

Back 55

Sending flowers and get-well greetings to a sick person

Front 56

In collectivistic groups such as the Hispanic culture, what demostrates caring?

Back 56

phyiscal presence of loved ones.

Front 57

Americans value ____ ____, most Hispanics value ____ _____.

Back 57

individual privacy; group interdependence

Front 58

Reproduction is valued across cultures why?

Back 58

because it promotes continuity of the family and community

Front 59

Some Asian, African, and Hispanic cultures believe that a mother's activities and predispositions affect what?

Back 59

the fetus

Front 60

Many cultures believe that if a pregnant woman's food cravings is not met,what will happen?

Back 60

negative consequences to the baby will occur