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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bride Price/Bride Wealth
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A substantial gift of goods or money given to the Bride's kin by the groom or his kin at or before the marriage.
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Bride Service
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Work performed by the groom for his bride's family for a variable length of time.
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Cross Cousins
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Children of siblings of the opposite sex. One's cross-cousins are the father's sisters' children and the mother's brother's children.
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Dowry
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A substantial transfer of goods or money from the bride's family to the bride.
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Endogamy
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The rule specifying marriage to a person within one's own group (kin, caste, community)
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Exogamy
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The rule specifying marriage to a person from outside one's own group (kin, caste, community)
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Extended Family
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A family consisting of two or more single-parent, monogamous, polygynous, or polyandrous families linked by a blood tie.
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Family
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A social and economic unit consisting minimally of a parent and child.
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Fraternal Polyandry
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The marriage of a woman to two or more brothers at the same time.
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Group Marriage
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Marriage in which more than one man is married to more than one woman at the same time; not customary in any known human society.
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Incest Taboo
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Prohibition of sexual intercourse or marriage between mother and son, father and daughter, and brother and sister, often extends to other relatives.
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Independent Family
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A family unit consisting of one monogamous (nuclear) family, or one polygynous or one polyandrous family.
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Indirect Dowry
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Goods given by the groom's kin to the bride (or her father, who passes most of them to her) at or before her marriage.
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Levirate
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A custom whereby a man is obligated to marry his brother's widow.
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Marriage
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A socially approved sexual and economic union, usually between a man and a woman, that is presumed by both the couple and others to be more or less permanent, and that subsumes reciprocal rights and obligations between the two spouses and between spouses and their future children.
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Monogamy
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Marriage between only one man and only one woman at a time.
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Non-fraternal Polyandry
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Marriage of a woman to two or more men who are not brothers.
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Nonsororal polygyny
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Marriage of a man to two or more women who are not sisters.
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Nuclear Family
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A family consisting of a married couple and their young children.
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Parallel Cousins
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Children of siblings of the same sex. One's parallel cousins are the father's brother's children and the mother's brother's children.
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Polyandry
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The marriage of one woman to more than one man at a time.
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Polygamy
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Plural marriage; one individual is married to more than one spouse simultaneously.
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Polygyny
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The marriage of one man to more than one woman at a time.
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Postpartum sex taboo
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Prohibition of sexual intercourse between a couple for a period of time after the birth of their child.
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Sororal Polygyny
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The marriage of a man to two or more sisters at the same time.
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Sororate
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A custom whereby a woman is obligated to marry her deceased sister's husband.
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Affinal Kin
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One's relatives by marriage.
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Ambilineal Descent
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The rule of descent that affiliates individuals with groups of kin related to them through men or women.
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Avunculocal Residence
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A pattern of residence in which a married couple settles with or near the husband's mother's brother.
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Bilateral Kinship
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The type of kinship system in which individuals affiliate more or less equally with their mother's and father's relatives; descent groups are absent.
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Bilocal residence
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A pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with or near either the husband's parents or the wife's parents.
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Clan or Sib
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A set of kin whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor but cannot specify the links back to that founder; often designated by a totem.
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Classificatory Term
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Kinship terms that merge or equate relatives who are genealogically distinct from one another; the same term is used for a number of different kin.
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Consanguineal Kin
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One's biological relatives; relatives by birth.
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Descriptive Term
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Kinship term used to refer to a genealogically distinct relative, a different term is used for each relative.
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Double descent or double unilineal descent
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A system that affiliates individuals with a group of mater-lineal kin for some purposes and with a group of patrilineal kin for other purposes.
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Ego
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In the reckoning of kinship, the reference point or focal person.
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Kindred
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A bilateral set of close relatives
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Lineage
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A set of kin whose members trace descent from a common ancestor through known links.
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Matriclans
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A clan tracing descent through the female line.
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Matrilineage
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A kin group whose members trace descent through known links in the female line from a common female ancestor.
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Matrilineal Descent
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The rule of descent that affiliates individuals with kin of both sexes related to them through women only.
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Matrilocal Residence
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A pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with or near the wife's parents.
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Moiety
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A unilineal descent group in a society that is divided into two such maximal groups; there may be smaller unilineal descent group as well.
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Neolocal Residence
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A pattern of residence whereby a marriage couple lives separately, and usually at some distance, from from the kin of both spouses.
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Patriclans
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A clan tracing descent through the male line.
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Patrilineage
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A kin group whose members trace descent through known links in the male line from a common male ancestor.
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Patrilineal Descent
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The rule of descent that affiliates individuals with the kin of both sexes related to them through men only.
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Patrilocal Residence
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A pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's parents.
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Phratry
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A unilineal descent group composed of a number of supposedly related clans (sibs).
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Rules of Descent
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Rules that connect individuals with particular sets of kin because of known or presumed common ancestry.
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Siblings
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A person's brothers and sisters.
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Totem
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A plant or animal associated with a clan (sib) as a means of group identification; may have other special significance for the group.
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Unilineal Descent
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Affliation with a group of kin through descent links of sex only.
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Unilocal Residence
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A pattern of residence (patrilocal, matrilocal, or avunculocal) that specifies just one set of relatives that the married couple lives with or near.
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Achieved Qualities
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Those qualities people acquire during their during their lifetime.
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Age-grade
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A category of people who happen to fall within a particular, culturally distinguished age range.
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Age-set
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A group of people of similar age and the same sex who move together through some of life stages.
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Ascribed Qualities
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Those qualities that are determined for people at birth.
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Associations
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An organized group not based exclusively on kinship or territory.
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Unisex Association
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An association that restrictions its membership to one sex, usually male.
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Universally Ascribed Qualities
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Those ascribed qualities (age, sex) that are found only in some societies.
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Variably Ascribed Qualities
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Those ascribed qualities (such as ethnic, religious, or social class differences) that are found in some societies.
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Adjunction
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The process by which a third party acting as judge makes a decisions that the parties to a dispute have to accept.
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Band
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A fairly small, usually nomadic local group that is politically autonomous.
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Band Organization
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The kind of political organization where the local group or band is the largest territorial group in the society that acts a unit. The local group in band societies is politically anonymous.
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Chief
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A person who exercises authority, usually on behalf of a multicommunity political unit. This role is generally found in rank societies and is permanent and often hereditary.
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Chiefdom
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A political unit, with a chief at its head, integrating more than one community but not necessarily the whole society or large group.
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Codified Laws
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Formal principles for resolving disputes in heterogeneous and stratified societies.
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Complementary Opposition
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The occasional uniting of various segments of a segmentary lineage system in opposition to similar segments.
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Crime
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Violence not considered legitimate that occurs within a political unit.
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Feuding
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A state of reoccurring hostility between families or groups of kin, usually motivated by a desire to avenge an offense against a member of the group.
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Headman
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A person who holds a powerless but symbolically unifying position in a community within an egalitarian society, may exercise influence but has no power to impose sanctions.
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Mediation
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The process by which a third party tries to bring about a settlement in the absence of formal authority to force a settlement.
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Negotiation
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The process by which the parties to a dispute try to resolve it themselves.
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Oath
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The act of calling upon a deity to bear witness to the truth of what one says.
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Ordeal
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A means of determining guilt or innocence by submitting the accused to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under supernatural control.
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Raiding
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A short-term use of force, generally planned and organized, to realize a limited objective.
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Segmentary Lineage System
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A hierarchy of more inclusive lineages; usually functions only in conflict situations.
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State
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An autonomous political unit with centralized decision making over many communities with power to govern by force (e.g. to collect taxes, draft people for work and war, and make and enforce war). Most states have cities with public buildings; full-time craft and religious specialists; an "official" art style. A hierarchical social structure topped by an elite class; and a governmental monopoly on the legitimate use of force to implement policies.
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State Organization
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A society is described as having state organization when it includes one or more states.
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Tribal Organization
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The kind of political organization in which local communities mostly act autonomously but there are kin groups (such as clans) or associations (such as age-sets) that can temporarily integrate a number of local groups into a larger unit.
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Tribe
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A territorial population in which there are kin or nonkin groups with representatives in a number of local groups.
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Warfare
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Violence between political entities such as communities, districts, or nations.
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Ancestor Spirits
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Supernatural beings who are the ghosts of dead relatives.
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Animatism
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A belief in supernatural forces.
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Animism
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A belief in a dual existence for all things-- a physical, visible and a psychic, invisible soul.
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Divination
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Getting the supernatural to provide guidance.
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Ghosts
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Supernatural beings who were once human; the souls of dead people.
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gods
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Supernatural beings of nonhumans origin who are named personalities; often anthropomorphic.
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Magic
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The performance of certain rituals that are believed to compel the supernatural powers to act in particular ways.
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Mana
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A supernatural, impersonal force that inhabits certain objects or people and is believed to confer success and/or strength.
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Mediums
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Part-time religious practioners who are asked to heal and divine while in a trance.
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Monothestic
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Believing that there is only one high god and that all other supernatural beings are subordinate to, or are alternative manifestations of, this supreme being.
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Polytheistic
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Recognizing many gods, none none of whom is believed to be super-ordinate.
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Preists
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Generally full-time specialists, with very high status, who are thought to be able to relate to superior or high gods beyond the ordinary person's access or control.
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Religion
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Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that powers rests in forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons.
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Revitalization Movements
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Religious movements intended to save a culture by infusing it with new purpose and life.
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Rituals
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Repetitive sets of behaviors that occur in essentially the same patterns every time they occur. Religious rituals involve the supernatural in some way.
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Shaman
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A religious intermediary, usually part-time, whose primary function is to cure people through sacred songs, pantomime, and other means; sometimes called witch doctors by other Westerners.
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Sorcery
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The use of certain materials to invoke supernatural powers to harm people.
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Spirits
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Unnamed supernatural beings of nonhuman origin who are beneath the gods in prestige and often closer to the people; may be helpful, mischievous, or evil.
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Supernatural
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Believed to be not human or not subject to the laws of nature.
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Taboo
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A prohibition that, if violated, is believed to bring supernatural punishment.
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Witchcraft
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The practice of attempting to harm people by supernatural means, but through emotions and thought alone, not through the use of tangible objects.
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