Cultural Anthropology Test #3

Front 1

Witchcraft Explains Unfortunate Events (Evans-Pritchard)

Back 1

- evans-pritchard sought to demostrate that witchcraft has a social significance
- Seeks to explain two independent chains of causation and why they intersect in time and space
- "Witchcraft brings a man in relation with events in such a way that he sustains injury"
- does not seek to explain everything, does not underestimate natural causation

Front 2

Feminine Power at Sea (Rodgers)

Back 2

- linguistic analysis of maritime culture. Focus on naming and launching ships of the British Royal Navy
- Positive: ship anthropomorphized as woman, christening performed by woman
- Negative: taboos against women on board, taboos against women in shipyard

Front 3

Ritual

Back 3

Prescribed behaviors in which there is no empirical connection between the means and the desired end

Front 4

Sports Magic

Back 4

- more emphatic in sports where physical strength and domination are keys to success
- purposes: team bonding, energize your team, psych out your opponents

Front 5

Baseball Magic (Gmelch)

Back 5

- magical rituals much more common in situations of uncertainty (pitching and hitting, not so much fielding)
- Routines as rituals - comforting
- fetishes
- taboos

Front 6

Fetish

Back 6

- material object believed to embody supernatural powers
- charms and amulets, lucky uniform numbers, article of clothing

Front 7

Taboos

Back 7

- strong prohibition against words, objects, actions, discussions or people.
- Most are idiosyncratic (held by indidivudals) some are part of baseball culture

Front 8

Ascribed Status

Back 8

automatic, a status that you have little or no control over
*Examples: Race and ethnicity - ascribed statuses that can be used at the basis for social stratification

Front 9

Achieved Status

Back 9

Statuses that come through choices, actions, accomplishments

Front 10

Social Stratification

Back 10

hierarchical ranking of individuals and groups in any given society

Front 11

Race

Back 11

Any of the groups into which humans can be divided according to their physical characteristics
(i.e. color of skin, hair, shape of eyes/nose)

Front 12

Ethnic Group

Back 12

**a group of people distinguished by cultural similarities (shared among members of group) and differences (between that group and others)
- group members share beliefs, values, habits, customs and norms, and a common language, religion, history, and geography

Front 13

Hypodescent

Back 13

the principle that a child of mixed descent is automatically classified at a minority

Front 14

Social construction of race

Back 14

"Races" defined in "culturally arbitrary, rather than scientific manner"

Front 15

Carolus Linneaus

Back 15

*made one of the first attempts to classify human species
*five sub-species of humans based on temperament, dress, and culture

Front 16

Anthropometry

Back 16

*measurement of the human body to understanding human variation
*early application (Galton): identify those with criminal proclivities based on body measurements
*cephalic index
*Technically, groups could be formed according to anthropometric measurements of the cranium, but those groups make no logical sense!

Front 17

Cephalic Index

Back 17

**measure brain to draw ideas about individuals character/intelligence
* kind of anthropometry

Front 18

Nature vs. Nurture (Boas)

Back 18

- compared children of immigrants' craniums with parents' craniums
- significant changes (hence, cranial shape and brain size are not merely inherited, but are shaped by complex factors)
**major challenge to biological race debate

Front 19

Carleton Coon

Back 19

Book: The Origin of Races
* Identified 5 distinct races
*Reaction of Scientific community: rejection, dividing up people into discrete "types" isn't natural. Recognition that race (like gender) is a SOCIAL CONSTRUCT but is NOT disconnected from biology

Front 20

Racial Odyssey (Rensberger)

Back 20

*Evolutionary success is attributable to genetic variability...we have variability within populations so that we can adapt to climates
*Example: stature of those who have historically lived in cold or hot environments
*Example: skin color and evolution (balance between vitamin D production and disruption in cell division)
*KEY POINTS: no such thing as a homogeneous race, "hybrid vigor" is key to evolutionary success

Front 21

Educated understanding of race

Back 21

Just because there is no scientific validity to the taxonomy of people groups as races, does not mean that race as a concept is meaningless or unimportant
- scientifically NO, socially YES

Front 22

'Mixed Race', 'Mixed Origins', or What? (Aspinall)

Back 22

- How is england dealing with the new immigrants and mixed groups in terms of the census
- issue that was brought up: "no link has been made between the underlying conceptual base of identifying this population and that way it is summarily described in terminology"
*PROBLEMS:
- mixed race: assumes pure races
- Mixed Origin: "face validity" problem, implies place not ethnicity or race
- Metis/Metisse: too specific
- Mixed/dual/multiple heritage: no currency among those of mixed race, heritage is non-specific with respect to inherited characteristics
*MIXED RACE IS MOST ACCEPTABLE, because it is understood and deployed the most in everyday usage

Front 23

Racism

Back 23

discrimination against a group that is assumed to have a biological basis
- divides people into dominant/subordinate based on ascribed status
- social stratification

Front 24

Under the Shadow of Tuskagee (Gamble)

Back 24

Common misconception: because of tuskegee African-Americans do not trust medical and public health system. Reluctance to participate in research or seek medical attention
*Reality:
- Not the first time racism showed up in medicine, long history in terms of slavery
- medical professionals are actually less likely to inquire about a black's pain, tell them about the medicine, explain seriousness of illness/injury, discuss test findings
*MAIN POINTS: tuskegee's shadow liners, but legacy of medical racism precedes Tuskegee

Front 25

The Bell Curve Phenomenon (Cohen)

Back 25

Claims of "The Bell Curve": "Intelligence" is trans-cultural and can be measured, IQ test measure intelligence fairly thus, IQ is a cause of poverty, class, status, criminality etc.
*Key assumptions:
- exists a single general measure of mental ability
- IQ tests are not culturally biased
*COHENS POINT (argues against):
- those who design standardized tests fail to see how their questions are culturally biased
--> consequently, we can say IQ tests measure cultural literacy as much as intelligence
--> if "Bell Curve Phenomenon" is true then there is a strong relationship between race and IQ and thus, socioeconomic stratification looks like a natural outcome of biologically (not socially) determined differences

Front 26

Caricatures have consequences

Back 26

*how they have been portrayed
- native americans --> we civilized them
- Jews --> parasites that need to be killed
- African-Americans --> inferior and we need to control them
*African American caricatures
- coon, jezebel, brute, savage
--> what lessons about race to children learn from watching cartoons?

Front 27

Eugenics movement

Back 27

- IQ tests developed early 1900s
- compulsory sterilization practiced against those deemed unfit

Front 28

Carrie Buck

Back 28

- classified as a "genetic threat to society"
- Gave birth to illegitimate child (rape?)
- USSC decided to sterilize her

Front 29

Pioneer Fund

Back 29

- founded 1937 by Wycliffe Draper
- Purpose: "parents of unusual value as citizens"
*Nature, not nurture studies
- twins separated at birth --> similar despite being raised in different environments
- Children adopted from unwed mothers --> kids raised by "normal" adoptive parents became similar to deviant mothers
*Theres a gene for that: demphasizes social, economic and political variables
- anthropometry
- Claims: genetics --> personality --> follow rules--> divorce --> out of wedlock --> child abuse
* Point: If data was true, it would be true across the world not just the united states
*Consequences: We cannot fix something that is biological
-

Front 30

Linguistic Profiling (John Baugh)

Back 30

- based on auditory cues
- conscious or unconscious process of who you are talking to
- linguistic patterns differ by ethnic group
- people judge intelligence based on these patterns
- treat others according to judgements made on basis of linguistic patterns
*Call screening: how many times did he get called back depending on what voice he was using?

Front 31

Ethnic Group

Back 31

- share beliefs, values, habits, customs and norms because of common background
- collective name, belief in common descent, and association with specific territory
- Cannot assume whole ethnic group will be homogeneous (i.e. dialects)

Front 32

Nation State

Back 32

"independent, centrally organized political unit or government"
- relatively modern phenomenon
- most nations are ethnically diverse since political boundaries do not correlate with ethnic ones

Front 33

Nationalism

Back 33

- ideology of the nation state, embedded in symbols by the nation
- Stresses solidarity despite differences
- often instilled through national school system

Front 34

Nationality

Back 34

"Ethnic groups that once had or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status"
- live within nation states
- Exmaples: Han of China, Mongols and Tibetans of Nepal, Kurds in the Middle East

Front 35

Assimilation

Back 35

*The process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates, minority is incorporated into dominant culture
- can be forced, coerced, or encouraged

Front 36

Multiculturalism

Back 36

-Individuals socialized into dominant culture as well as their original culture
- In united states, we have moved from assimilation to multiculturalism model
- EXAMPLE: english + spanish --> fourth of july + cinco de Mayo --> hamburgers and tamales

Front 37

Acculturation

Back 37

- The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous first hand contact;
- the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but groups remain disctint

Front 38

Bicultural conflict (Sung)

Back 38

- focus on cultural conflicts that confront children of Chinese immigrants at home and school
- child forced to choose between parent's culture and norms of new society
Examples: Aggressiveness, sexuality, sports, education
- Parents = ancestral culture, teachers = adopted culture

Front 39

Playing an Indian at Halftime (Pewawardy)

Back 39

*Mascots are good: honor native cultures, embody school traditions, intensify pleasure of sports
*mascots are bad: promote stereotypes, revive historical oppression, cause pain to NA's
*PROBLEMS:
- hollywood images morphed into mascots that perpetuate stereotypes
*authors argument: these images "relegate American Indian people to a colonial representation of history", getting rid of them represents "an issue of decolonization and educational equity"
*Childs' Note: Political correctness of common decency?

Front 40

Cultural Imperialism

Back 40

The spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other societies, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys - usually because of differential economic or political influence

Front 41

Globalization

Back 41

"The acceleration interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems"

Front 42

Today's world system

Back 42

- rooted in colonialism
- based on capitalism
- increasing dominance of international trade
- world --> nations --> communities (where anthropologists work)
- new emphasis on interconnections and impacts of globalization on cultures
*intersection of local, national, regional and global processes

Front 43

Wallerstein: World Systems Theory

Back 43

Core: most powerful, dominate international economy, monopolize profitable activities (U.S., some european powers, China)
- Semi-periphery and periphery (3rd world/underdeveloped): less power, wealth and influence. Possess resources necessary for core. Raw products, exploitative relationship with core, less technologically advanced

Front 44

Industrialization

Back 44

Process started in Europe (1700's)
- related to colonialism
- global networks of extraction (raw materials), production (finished goods), and consumption
- exploitative system
- stratification becomes more prominent with increasing industrialization
-
-

Front 45

Marx's idea of Class consciousness

Back 45

*Industrialization = bourgeoisie control means of production, proletariat must sell labor to survive
* Collective interest rooted primarily in socioeconomic group

Front 46

Weber and Stratification

Back 46

*Stratification based on more than economic factors. Wealth, power, and prestige (also ethnicity, religion, nationality etc)

Front 47

Colonialism and the World System

Back 47

- based on industrial/capitalist production
- extraction of raw materials from colonized lands, sent to production centers
- Need: source of forced labor, source of raw materials, and a place of manufacturing
- can then be shipped out to different market

Front 48

Colonialism and Identity

Back 48

- shaped world as we know it today
- many borders are the result of colonialism
- many of the ethnic groups seen today are a result of colonialism
- legacy continues today

Front 49

Nalini by Day, Nancy by Night (outsourcing phone services)

Back 49

- facilitated by modern communication networks
- taking jobs from some and giving to others
- Key to success = customer thinks she/he is talking to an american. Dialect training.
- Good things: good pay, good incentives, good working environment (according to employees). Sought after, prestigious job, urban middle class Indians
CONSEQUENCES:
- health: psychological stresses, poor eating, sleep deprivation
- social: decoupling individual from family routines, obligations and networks. Placing women in hazardous situations

Front 50

What is Desire?

Back 50

"a collective phenomenon shaped by interface of individual intentions, local worlds, and global flows."
- "an ongoing, future-oriented process"
- a project that seeks to "make and remake the world around certain values"
*shaped by...collective experiences, cultural images, political/economic structures

Front 51

Broccoli and Desire (Benson and Fischer)

Back 51

*Multi-sited ethnography conducted on smallholders and middlemen in Guatemala AND grocery shoppers in Nashville

*Pablo - grows broccoli to support his family in Guatemala, upward mobility, sells to a global market, local production but produce relative wealth due to export
*Susan - owns grocery store in Nashville, broccoli fro Mayan farmers fits globally conscious consumer image (MUST be more organic because it supports LOCAL lifestyles)
**two people locked in economic exchange, centered on dual themes of desire

Front 52

How Sushi Went Global (Bestor)

Back 52

*1970's - low demand....1990's to present - high demand (upscale fare)
* Globalization - bluefin tuna connects europe, asia and north america in complex business and cultural exchanges
POINTS:
* Globalization is NOT westernization...goes both ways
* Sushi = example of acculturation (adopting Japanese cuisine in American society)

Front 53

Cocaine and Economic Deterioration, Bolivia (Weatherford)

Back 53

- Coca Leaves: traditionally drown as a mild stimulant, but cocaine is highly processed into a narcotic
*Impacts of cash cropping
- harsh conditions, hard work
- not gaining income
- workers take drugs
*Impacts on community
- depleted work force, traditional cultural patterns disintegrate, people no longer afford local products
*Health Impacts
- Young men become permanently disabled, lose mind from smoking, STDs from employer sponsored prostitutes
*Nutrition Impact
- More land use for coca production and not good
*Economic impacts
- rural poverty gets worse, economic disparities increase
**DESIRES:
- Worker - wants to go to school, get a job, make money
- Consumer - recreational, indulgent behavior

Front 54

How is "development" manifested today?

Back 54

Industrialization, modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable advances ("progress")

Front 55

Roots of Development

Back 55

- Post WWII --> new form of colonialism, agents of progress

Front 56

Cold War and development

Back 56

(1950's-1990s)
- Fear of movements toward communism...solution was development
- Bring people into a capitalist system
- making friends through development, bring them into a capitalist system

Front 57

Development Industry

Back 57

- Growing since the 1950s (NGO's etc)
- Who determines how to develop? Who measures "successful" development? WHo really benefits?

Front 58

New Role of Anthropology in Development

Back 58

- Old view: role is to understand and describe
- new view: anthropologists have skills and knowledge to solve problems...moral obligation to reciprocate

Front 59

Over-Innovation

Back 59

- Projects may fail because they are not economically or culturally compatible
- fail to consider a certain dimension of society when designing a project

Front 60

Under-Differentiation

Back 60

- neglecting cultural variability and differences
- uniform approach to problem solving
- sometimes development officials are socially and economically disconnected from targets of development

Front 61

Invisible Colour (Loftsdottir)

Back 61

*How are racial identities constructed through development encounters?
*donors = white, recipients = dark
* RECIPIENT COUNTRIES
- hierarchy of those in charge of development
- elusive spaces reserved for westerners
- perspective of locals: development projects derive from and belong to 'white people', development is racialized
*DONOR COUNTRIES
- discourses about donor nation (we are generous, saviors, donors etc)
- set up idea of surrogate parents
*what social categorizations are created and maintained through imaging and preforming development?
*MAIN POINT*
- creates a commentary on 'whiteness' created and recreated through the discourses and actions of development institutions

Front 62

Anthropology of Development

Back 62

1. International development seen as extension of colonialism (control resources in poor nations)
2. Intervention philosophy ("improve standards of living") to ensure continuing dependency
3. Laden with ethnocentric assumptions ("they need to be more like us")

Front 63

Price of Progress (Bodley)

Back 63

- usual means of measuring quality of life: GNP, literacy rates, employment rates etc
*Goldschmidt: What about physical and psychological needs of a population?
*Consequences of development
1. Diseases of development: increase in first world disease due to voluntary, voluntary/involuntary and forced food choices
2. Disrupting environmental balance: Example = aral sea
3. Overpopulation and crowding:

*Does not mean that people are invariably worse off because of development, we have a longer life expectancy actually

Front 64

The Ugly American Revisted (James Brain)

Back 64

*Background -- 1958 book (The Ugly American) about how an engineer who works and lives with villagers develops low tech solutions to local problems. His efforts are undermined by State department officials living in luxury amidst poverty
- Lesson: development officials can be disconnected, ignorance, arrogance, ethnocentrism
- why does USAID reject projects that are small-scale, cheap? (not spectacular, difficult to administer, no profit)
- Vested interests in certain projects
- Developscape; live in mansions, rarely speak language, little understanding of culture
CONTRAST: peace corps

*Why does USAID persist?
- vested interests: economic, political

Front 65

The Anti-Politics Machine (Ferguson)

Back 65

*Invention of "Isolation"
* Portrayal of country as "untouched" - ignoring colonial legacy and forces of globalization that leads to impoverishment
*Developers myth: lesotho is a nation of farmers
* reality: lesotho is a nation of wage laborers
* problem: large scare development schemes view local government as neutral agents for change and ignore corruption, power, political interests etc.
- need to give power to the people

Front 66

Anthropologists Critique Development

Back 66

1. Goal = improve lives
- can have negative health and economic impacts (Bodley, "Price of Progress")
2. Goal of development = increase equity (Kottak)
- can increase socioeconomic stratification (Brian's "Ugly American)
- development as a "machine for reinforcing and expanding state bureaucratic power" (Ferguson's main point)

Front 67

Medical Anthropology

Back 67

Applies tools of anthropology to study human illness, suffering, disease and well-being.

Front 68

Basic approaches

Back 68

1. biological
2. Ecological (brown)
3. Ethnomedical
4. experiential (Lockhart)
5. Critical
6. Applied (Dettwyler)
7. Anthropology of Biomedicine (Friese et al.)

Front 69

Cultural Adaptations to Endemic Malaria (Brown)

Back 69

*Ecological approach
A look at malaria in Sardinia

*Geographic distribution of malaria
- less prevalent in highlands, more prevalent in rural areas (sylvatic - only affects wild animals)

*Social Distribution of malaria
- infants/children have less immunity
- men more than women (due to occupations)

*Human Ecology
- nucleated settlement pattern: settlements on higher, drier ground, men go out to do different tasks, women and elite stay behind
- inverse transhumance: permanent settlements in highland, temporary grazing grounds in lowland

*Social organization
- women confined to domestic domain, less exposed than men
- farm workers exposed

*Cultural Ideology
- do folk theories of fever causation reduce malaria relapse rates?
- sudden temp changes are thought to induce fever, could this be related to malaria?

**CONCLUSION
- unit of analysis = population
- evidence that settlement pattern and social organization reduced risk of infection for some (women, aristocracy)
- inverse transhumance and social structure reduce risk of infection for some

Front 70

Cultural Ecology

Back 70

how do cultural beliefs and practices shape human behaviors (i.e. sexuality, residence patterns) that then alter the ecological relationship between host and pathogen?

Front 71

Human Ecology

Back 71

Relationship between humans and their environment

Front 72

Life and Death of a Street Boy (Lockhart)

Back 72

*Experiential approach
- how do people experience illness? how do they express their experiences?
- unit of analysis = individual
*article looks at Mwanza
* Historical context of colonialism
* Juma's structural violence:
- mother is a widow (easily dispossesed of land, rural migrants lack skills and connections to make living) and is forced to rely on survival sex (gets HIV)
- poverty and death of mother forces Juma to street
*Juma's everyday violence:
- street gang - enact violence on a regular basis
- Rape as a means of being initiated and asserting power
- both perpetrator and victim of violence

*INSIGHTS*
- focusing on an individual's experiences, the author can analyze interplay between politcal economy and individual agency
- can see how risk shapes peoples perception of illness

Front 73

Structural violence (farmer)

Back 73

institutionalized inequalities that deny marginalized individuals access to critical resources for their health and well-being

Front 74

Everyday Violence (Scheper-Hughes)

Back 74

Routinized experiences of violence in an individuals life

Front 75

Anthropology of biomedicine

Back 75

- understanding biomedicine as a system of ethno-medicine that involves issues of power, gender, etc.
- study process of knowledge creation
- emphasis on biotechnology

Front 76

Medicalization

Back 76

the process by which human experiences are refined as medical problems

Front 77

Rethinking the Biological Clock (Friese et al.)

Back 77

*Context of social change: breaking down public-domestic dichotomy, later entry into work force, postponers

*Eleventh-Hour Moms: conceive using donated eggs.Biological clock narrative shifts from "menopause" to "old eggs". NEGATIVE experience, blamed physicians, infringes on femininity

*Miracle Moms: conceive with own eggs when age defines them as "non-reproductive" (menopausal). POSITIVE EXPERIENCE

*Ovarian Reserve: the diminishing quantity (and quality) of ova.
- Concept that breaks connection between menstruation and reproductive capacity. In other words, reproductive capacity ends prior to menopause
- women made to feel that they were aging fast and they had no time (graphs)

*CONCLUSIONS*
- new technologies influence how we view life course
- Medicalization was "done" to women, but also women sought it to fix a problem
- Menopause no longer transition from reproductive to post-reproductive (medical discourse truncates reproductive years, but new technologies extend them)

Front 78

Ethnographic Photograph (Harper)

Back 78

Harper - worked on history of dairy farms in NY state
Abstract: artistic principles and manipulations can be used in photography, not to diminish, but to give photographs more use to the ethnographer

Points:
- photos and videos do not objectively record reality
- images are the products of decisions

Point: Photography has multiple uses within the context of ethnographic research and analysis
1. descriptive: confirming/enhancing textual descriptions. Documenting changes
2. Analytical: creating a dialogue around meaning. Presenting/supporting arguments made in text
3. Strategic: establishing authority of author (1st person witness)

Front 79

Advertising and Global Culture (Janus)

Back 79

*study of transnational culture (consumption and advertising)

*Advertising
- messages to create universal appeal
- Goal: to get everyone to think and act like good consumers
- signified and signifier
- advertising, therefore, has the potential to be an agent for culture change

Things to consider:
* are the ads inducing or promoting culture change? or agents of culture change?
* Or are these ads consciously using indigenous culture to sell their products? Reflecting processes of culture change that are already underway?

Front 80

Advertising: Signifier

Back 80

material object, word or picture that is being advertised

Front 81

Advertising: Signified

Back 81

the meaning ascribed to the material object, word or picture...what concept are you trying to sell?

Front 82

Intruders in Sacred Space (Eindhoven et al. )

Back 82

*about the rise of "going native" television shows...is this anthropology?

*CRITICISM:
- exploiting for entertainment
- distorted representations
- ethnocentrism
- economic exploitation

*Anthropological authority
- Anthropologists strive to make other seem LESS exotic, but media/tourists strive to make them seem MORE exotic
- hard for anthropologists to compete with "pulp anthro" due to their need to publish academic works

Front 83

Indigenizing popular culture

Back 83

- modifying "forces from world centers" to fit the local culture
- modifying music forms and genres to fit local cultures for purposes of resistance and raising social awareness

Front 84

Resistance

Back 84

analytical tools for understanding domination and oppression in modern world system
*Public and hidden transcripts
* weapons of the weak

Front 85

Resistance: Postal Workers (Ghana)

Back 85

forbidden to speak during tedious work, created music without instruments

Front 86

Resistance: South Africa

Back 86

Nkosi Sikelel' Afrika
- a hymn deployed in resistance that became the national anthem after the collapse of the apartheid

Front 87

Resistance: Rhodesia/Zimbabwe

Back 87

Thomas Mapfumo
- Chimurenga "struggle" music
- hidden transcript: appears innocuous but openly called for war in Shona language (not understood by colonialists)

Mapfumo banned from Zimbabwe

Front 88

Resistance: Nigeria

Back 88

Fela Kuti
Indigenizing pop culture: created afro-beat
resistance: used it to criticise nigeria's post-colonial dictatorship

Front 89

Resistance: Zimbabwe

Back 89

Oliver Mtukudzi

- melodies inspired by traditional instrument - the mbria
- raised awareness about issues such as HIV/AIDS

Front 90

Resistance: Somalia

Back 90

K'naan
- blends somali poetic structure with rap and hip hop to critique ongoing strife in Somalia

Front 91

Blues as Resistance

Back 91

- early blues not considered real music, hidden transcripts of slavery
- blues was transformed, went electric and mainstream...what kind of audience were artists playing for and how did this affect the message of the music?
- diffusion and acculturation of blues (blues --> R+B --> influences white artists)
- listening to blues and rock became a form of resistance
-

Front 92

Music and symbolic capital (pierre bourdieu - symbolic capital)

Back 92

-higher prestige dialects can result in social and economic benefits
- listening to certain kinds of music can have social benefits

Front 93

Japanese Hip-Hop (Condry)

Back 93

*Globalization of Japan
- Economic: 16th -19th century
- Political: 19th - 20th
- Cultural: 21st

*Key Questions:
- does global consumption of pop culture erode cultural differences?
- or do people localize global cultural products to fit within their existing social worlds?

CONVERGENCE
- linguistic: code switching and US slang as symbolic capital
- cultural: revolutionary challenge

*Genba: "the real place"
- processing of global forms at local levels is mediated through local language, political economic structure, social relations etc.
- hip hop is "refracted and transformed"
- blend indigenous and imported

Front 94

Critical Reflections (Wallace)

Back 94

- article about deforestation project that went awry in many ways and how the anthropologists changed the project to fix the issues they confronted
MESSAGE: "identifying and understanding the errors in application and the errors in assessment were fundamental to the success of Good Roots"

Front 95

Of Worms and Other Parasites

Back 95

- article about ethnographic research done in Mali about schistosomiasis
- Dettwyler used cultural domain analysis by using visual aids to establish local conceptions of "under-nourished" and "well-nourished"

Front 96

Mediating the Forest-Farmer Relationship (Dove)

Back 96

- article about conflict between foresters and small farmers in a shift from state to private lands/commercial to mixed commercial/subsistence production
- Developers wrongly assumed farmers knew nothing about cultivating trees...would only talk to leaders

*anthropologists provided insights into diffusing conflict:
- study all dimensions (farmers and officials)
- listen to people and learn what they know and what they do
- communicate that knowledge to those who have power to implement development projects