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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social group |
a group of people beyond the domestic unit related on a basis other than kinship |
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Primary group |
People who interact with each other and know each other personally |
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Secondary group |
People who identify with one another on some common ground but who might not ever meet each other or interact |
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Friendship |
Close social ties between two people in which the ties are voluntary, informal, and involve personal interaction |
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Friendships may contribute to |
economic security |
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Friendships often related to |
micro-cultural factors |
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Friendship is usually between |
social equals |
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Friendship maintained by |
balanced exchange and mutual support |
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Clubs/Greek life |
social groups that define membership in terms of a sense of shared identity and objective |
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Counter cultural groups |
groups formed by people outside the mainstream who resist conforming to the dominant pattern |
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Youth gangs |
a group of young people found mainly in urban areas often considered a problem and most of whom have initiation rituals |
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Cooperatives |
a form of economic group where the surpluses are shared among the members |
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Most common co-ops |
Agricultural and credit |
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Self help groups |
formed to achieve personal goals, rituals of solidarity |
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Social stratification |
hierarchical relationships among different groups including outright discrimination |
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achieved status |
class
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ascribed status |
race, ethnicity, caste |
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Status |
a person's position in society |
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Each status comes with a |
- “script” for how to behave, look, consume, etc |
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Two types of statuses |
achieved and ascribed |
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Race is a recent form of |
social inequality |
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Race is not a |
biological reality yet racism and inequalities exist |
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Ethnicity |
- sense of group membership based on a shared sense of identity |
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Ethnicity is based on |
- Shared history, territory, language, religion or combination of them |
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Diaspora population |
a dispersed group living outside their original homeland |
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Caste |
social stratification system linked with Hinduism |
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Varnas |
4 major social categories of castes |
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Civil society |
diverse interest groups that exist outside the government that organize aspects of life (variations in how free from government they are) |
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Activist groups |
Formed with the goal of protesting conditions such as political repression or human rights violations. Can be antigovernment or anti-big power structures |
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New social movements |
activist groups of the late 20th and early 21st century. Large use of cybernetworking and the new social media.
- document activism in a new way |
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Three aspects of political leadership |
Power, authority, leadership |
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Power |
the ability to take action in the face of resistance, through force if necessary |
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Authority |
the right to take certain forms of action based on a person’s achieved or ascribed status pr moral reputation |
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Influence |
the ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social or moral pressure on someone or some group |
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State |
a form of political organization in which a centralized political unit encompasses many communities, a bureaucratic structure, and leaders who possess coercive power |
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Most contemporary states are |
hierarchical and patriarchal to different degrees |
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Social control |
are the processes that, through both informal and formal mechanisms, maintain orderly social life |
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Norm |
accepted standard for behavior, usually unwritten |
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Law |
a binding rule about behavior |
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Policing |
A form of social control that includes surveillance and the threat of punishment
Police discover, report, and investigate crimes |
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Trial by ordeal |
a way of determining innocence or guilt in which the accused person is put to a test that may be painful, stressful, or fatal |
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Justice system used in many contemporary societies |
Court system |
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Prison |
a place where people are forcibly detained as a form of punishment |
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Executions |
communicate a political message to the general populace about the state’s power and strength |
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Critical legal anthropologists |
examine the role of law and judicial processes in maintaining the dominance of powerful groups through discriminatory practices rather than protecting less powerful people |
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Social justice |
a concept of fairness based on social equality that seeks to ensure entitlements and opportunities for disadvantaged members of society |
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Varieties of conflict |
Ethnic conflict, warfare |
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Ethnic conflict |
can stem from an ethnic group’s attempt to gain more autonomy or equality, or by a dominant group’s actions of genocide or ethnocide
Deeper issues often exist such as claims to material resources (oil, water, land) |
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Sectarian conflict |
Conflict based on perceived differences between divisions or sects within a religion |
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War |
organized group action directed against another group and involving lethal force |
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Political conflict |
involving coalitions of many countries |
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Corporate conflict |
involving multinational businesses in conflict with local communities |
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Structural vulnerability |
a person’s vulnerability to anything that might put us at risk is produced by power (how it is enacted on us or how we enact it on us) and our place in the hierarchy |
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Communication |
the process of sending and receiving meaningful messages |
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Language |
form of communication that is based on a systematic set of learned and shared symbols and signs shared among a group and passed on from generation to generation |
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Verbal language developed between |
100,000 and 50,000 years ago |
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Historical linguistics |
study of language change using formal methods that compare shifts over time and across space |
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Language families |
groups of languages descended from a parent language |
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Writing systems developed in the |
fourth millennium bc |
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Evidence of earliest writings from |
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and china |
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Logographs |
signs that convey meaning |
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Emergence of writing linked to |
development of the state |
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An empire without writing |
Khipu among the incas |
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Two distinct features of human language |
Productivity and displacement |
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Productivity |
ability to create an infinite range of understandable messages efficiently |
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Displacement |
ability to refer to events in the past and future (past and future are considered to be displacement domains) |
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Three ways of formally analyzing language |
Sounds, vocabulary, Grammar or syntax |
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Sounds |
Study of phonemes (sounds that make a difference for meaning in a spoken language) and phonetics |
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Vocabulary |
Ethnosemantics: the study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences in particular cultural contexts |
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Grammar or syntax |
The patterns and rules of by which words are organized to make sense in a sentence |
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Sapir-whorf theory on language |
language shapes culture |
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Sociolinguistics thory on language |
Cultural and social contexts shape language and its meanings |
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Media anthropology is the |
cross-cultural study of communication through both electronic media and print media |
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Critical media anthropology is an approach that |
examines how power interests shape people’s access to media and influence the contents of its messages |
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Growing number of anthropologists are studying the |
culture of advertising and work with marketing companies to devise appropriate messages |
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Digital divide |
Social inequality in access to new and emerging information technology |
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critical discourse analysis focuses on |
the relations of power and inequality in language |
