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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology (handmaiden of colonialism), Scientific Racism
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• 1800s when university structure was beginning to shape
• time of deep social inequalities: slavery, Native americans exterminated/driven off, colonialism abroad • anthropologists trying to give reasons for social inequalities o reason for slavery and Native Americans being inferior • ethos in 19th century developed around Social Darwinism o racist when used to describe society o fitter race can dominate others o scientific racism: Social Darwinism gives scientific justification to racism |
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Four Fields of Anthropology
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• Biological: carry out systematic studies of the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans. Non-cultural refers to all of those biological characteristics that are genetically inherited in contrast to learned. Focus on Evolution
• Archaeology: interested in recovering the prehistory and early history of societies and their cultures. They systematically uncover the evidence by excavating, dating, and analyzing the material remains left by people in the past. • linguistic: languages, social and cultural influences on speech and writing, nonverbal communication, how languages developed over time, and how they differ from each other • cultural anthropology: social and political organizations, marriage patterns and kinship systems, subsistence and economic patterns, and religious beliefs of different societies. Focus on contemporary societies |
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Fieldwork, Participant Observation
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Fieldwork : upclose view of another culture
• gain knowledge through participant-observation • Starn lived for a year and a half in Tunnel 6 in the Andes in Peru • Deforested, ugly… kids work, some go to school and work in the fields… ritual of first hair cutting ceremony- don’t cut it until child is 5 years old and the person who cuts their hair becomes their godparent |
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Rondas Campesinas (peasant patrols)
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police were corrupt and peasants would go out at night to prevent crime- had ponchos, hats and whips (symbols of peasant pride) and would have their own trials
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Fieldwork under fire
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disease, arrest, emotionally difficult, war zones
• When to speak/intervene? • Communist leader reading publications • Should Starn have started in when villager (suspected thief) was tortured |
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Ethnography
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books that come from anthropologists’ fieldwork
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Samuel Morton
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dedicated himself to idea that race, intelligence and brain size were all linked
• Respectable mainstream scientist • Extensive skull collection • Poured lead shot into skulls and measured their capacity • 3 things disprove his theory o famous people started to donate brains and very smart people had small brains o people doing research realized the numbers weren’t lining up o Neanderthal skulls had bigger brains than humans |
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Franz Boas, psychic unity of humankind
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founding figure in American anthro, born in anti-semitism Germany
• Research in Greenland with inuit/Eskimo • Trained many important 20th c anthropologists • Rethought idea of race • Advocated for psychic unity of humankind: humans are a single species, there is a fundamental human ability, very anti-racist, we have the same capacities • Championed the idea of cultural relativism that everything (eating, mourning, etc) varies across cultures but everything needs to be understood in it’s own terms… respect diversity but with limits (don’t respect Nazi culture) -limitations: • boas’ style only studies primative cultures (colonizers send anthropologists to study their colonies), don’t study modern west or capitalism |
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cultural relativism v ethnocentricism
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-ethnocentrism is that your way is the “right” way to do things
-cultural relativism: everything (eating, mourning, etc) varies across cultures but everything needs to be understood in it’s own terms… respect diversity but with limits (don’t respect Nazi culture) |
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Fieldwork versus armchair anthropology
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field work is actually going out and living with the culture
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nature v nurture (study by Boas)
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famous study of immigrants coming through Ellis Island and their body size that changed within a generation, plasticity of humans and the role of environment
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stereotype of the timeless primative
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idea that primitive cultures have not changed over time
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Ishi, Yahi, Alfred Kroeber
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Ishi: last member of the Yahi who is taken to San Fransisco
Yahi: culture studied by Alfred Kroeber Alfred Kroeber: anthropologist who studied Ishi/Yahi and coined tem timeless primative |
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Ethnographic Taxidermy
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bringing the dead back to life- Kroeber made Ishi perform ancient Yahi ways (can’t use scavenged nails for his harpoon)
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Clifford Geertz
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famous anthropologist who describes thick vs. thin description and example of a wink. Thin is an eye opening/closing but thick gives the action context/meaning
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Mary Douglas
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anthropologist who wrote purity and danger that says that societies set up categories and people are anxious if something is put in the wrong category
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the idea of the cultural mosaic
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the world is all interconnected so this theory is inadequate because people are always moving
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global ecumene
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lots of different cultures but everything is interconnection and there is influx
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transculturalation (creolization)
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phenomenon of cultural influence spreading and changing in the process (e.g. Americanization of Mexican food)
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Triobriand Islands
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cricket- indigenous response to colonialism- adapt cricket on island- example of transculturation
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Pele
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soccer player, british bring soccer to South America and it is transcultured into south American version of soccer
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tropicalization of soccer, jogo bonito
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tropicalization of soccer: played in new ways, more body movement, transform style of the game
jogo bonito: beautiful soccer- stylized |
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cultural hybridity
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contact/intermingling of societies
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mode of production:
-hunting/gathering (big man) -peasant society -capitalism |
Mode of production: how society organizes economic life:
• hunting of gathering: o ex: Yahi o no/limited domestication of animals or settled agriculture. Small/mobile populations o big man: no commander in hunter/gatherer society (egalitarian) but big man is a semi-leader who is a persuader (not an orderer) o no longer any exclusive hunter/gather societies • peasant societies o 10,000 years ago was the domestication of plants (corn in Mexico), animal husbandry/herding, more hierarchical society (Egypt, inca), rest on village labor→ not industrial societies; agriculture is the mode of production • capitalism: o forms in Northern Europe 1500-1700s o private property, wage-labor, free trade (right to buy/trade), exchange |
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use value v exchange value
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use is making it for yourself and exchange is making it for trade
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Karl Marx
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writing at the time of industrialization/injustice
• huge influence… lots of revolutions, surge towards communism • analyze capitalism with manifesto (1848) • thought workers across the world would unite but patriotism was too strong • wrong in presuming socialism would overtake capitalism |
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Bourgeoisie v Proletariat
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bourgeoisie= factory owners → Marx dislikes them but admires their ambition. Marx didn’t anticipate the growth of the middle class and only saw two classes and proletariat (workers) rise up and struggle
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Antonio Gramsci
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marxist
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David Harvey
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David Harvey: Marxist, trying to update Marxist thought→ capitalism has changed by 1960’s in ways Marx didn’t anticipate
• says it went from fordism (classic old school factory assembly line) to post-fordism (flexible accumulation) |
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Fordism
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centralized production, entire car made in factory, stable labor force, job stability
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Post-Fordism
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flexible accumulation, outsource certain tasks, less employment stability
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Post modern condition and time-space compression
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time-space compression: space has shrunk- things are faster (e.g. w internet and e-mail making things instantaneous)
• Harvey says this develops the postmodern condition which means that styles change quickly (blend of styles e.g. Caesar’s Palace in Vegas) |
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global assembly line
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outsource tasks, have parts in various countries, precarious labor market
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kung
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bush people in Kalahari desert, hunter/gatherer
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yanomami
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indigenous amazon tribe, slash and burn agriculture, semi-permanent dwellings
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Ehrenreich and Living Wage
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Barbara Ehrenreich: wrote Nickel and Dimed, journalist, field work doing minimum wage, participate and observe
• Monotony and difficulty of low-end jobs • Current federal minimum wage is 7.25/hour • living wage: how much you must earn to basically support a family (cheap groceries, rented living space, public transportation) o $13/hour o many jobs don’t pay a living wage |
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Race to the Bottom
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companies looking for the cheapest labor possible… go to China, Vietnam, Cambodia, etc.
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Commodity Fetishism
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Marx says goods seem to appear from nowhere from capitalism for our enjoyment. We ignore labor/trade behind object
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Fair Trade
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understanding where our goods come from and only buy from companies who pay a living wage
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Fox Conn
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Taiwanese company → apple has them make iphones, awful conditions
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WEB Du Bois
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problem of the 20th century will be the color line… Boas presumed this issue would have disappeared
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Stuart Hall and the Paradox of Race
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created absurd/artificial way to categorize people, we’ve formed racial groups
• based on very superficial notions • race is a social/cultural construct→ not a biological entity |
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Pauli Murray and Inconvenient Facts
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• personal history and story of America
• 1st African American episcopal priest • cofounded the national organization of women • 1st female Howard Lawyer… Jane crow • she confronts people with inconvenient facts o shows them stuff they’d rather ignore o how bad Jim Crow and KKK were • Highlights complexity of race o Upfront color divisions even w/in black community |
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Separation v Inclusion
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racial/ethnic minority can hate the country and want to go elsewhere (ethnic nationalism) or they can try and fit be a part of the country but change it to be more equal/inclusive
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One Drop of Blood Rule
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US says if you have any black ancestry you’re black
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Incest Taboo
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almost all societies have this taboo (in US it extends to 1st cousins). Not every society has always had this → royal Hawaiian and Inca civilizations had siblings wed to keep bloodlines clean
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Edward Westermarck
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Finnish social theorist who said humans are instinctively moral and something inside us tells us that incest is wrong therefore incest taboo affirms our instinctive feelings
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Sigmund Freud and Polymorphous Perversion
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Sigmund Freud: thought humans have polymorphous perversity that we have sexual desires for everyone (id is our unconscious level of desire which gets leveled by our ego and superego), dreaming is where the id takes over
• We all want to commit incest • We all have Oedipus/electra complex • Society would be insane if we acted on this so we have an incest taboo to keep society in place |
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Second Wave Feminism
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60s/70s … 1st wave was the early 1900’s activism for the right to vote and prohibition
• 2nd wave is a more sweeping idea that men and women should be equal and have the same rights • seen as radical but the demands aren’t radical • gender roles are not biological but cultural |
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Berdache
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plains indians who have men, women and berdach (men who dressed as women and married men)
• gender roles can change over time |
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Sherry Ortner
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1973 reading , feminist anthropology is taking off
• why women are subordinated in societies/cultures • says that a division is made between nature/culture o nature is survival, reproduction and next generation o culture is the sphere that transcends nature→ business, arts, sports, etc. o society divides things into nature or culture and women are associated with nature and men with culture o cultural is more valued than nature activities, therefore men are viewed as superior |
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Kathleen Stuart
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anthropology of the nearby- studies in the US in coal mining regions
• women are backtalkers… they don’t accept subordination • women are very critical of the men |
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Arlene Hothschild, feminization of migration, care deficit
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it used to be men who migrated but now it is women in the last 30 years who are more likely to work in other countries
• deterritorialization: world is in movement • economic necessity of capitalism-> people from poor countries going to rich countries o not paid well, few rights, perform unwanted jobs • care deficit: women are moving because first world women are becoming professionals which creates a care deficit o can’t do their profession and child care which creates a need for others to do this work o who takes care of children/elderly in poor countries? |
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Andrei Codrescu, sex tourism
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writes about sex tourism
• wealthy people go to poor countries looking for sex • Cuba in particular faced economic crisis after 1989 Soviet collapse o Cuban sex workers= jinetero(a) |
