Ctxt Ex2

Front 1

Concrete

Back 1

Roman concrete (opus caementicium) , a material used during the late Roman Republic until the fading of the Roman Empire. Roman is durable due to its incorporation of volcanic ash, which prevents cracks from spreading.

Hint 1

From Roman

Front 2

Personification

Back 2

Representation of a thing or abstraction as a person or by the human form.

Front 3

Barrel vault vs. Groin vault

Back 3

Barrel vault is a round arch extended as a tunnel, groin vault is two barrel vault cross each other, also called cross vault.

Front 4

Basilica

Back 4

A large rectangular building. Often built with a clerestory, side aisles separated from the center nave by colonnades, and an apse at one or both ends.

Front 5

Nave

Back 5

The central space of a church, two or three stories high and usually flanked by aisles.

Front 6

Apse

Back 6

A large semicircular or polygonal (and usually vaulted) recess on an end wall of a building. In a Christian Church, it often contains the altar. "Apsidal" is the adjective describing the condition of having such a space.

Front 7

Rotunda

Back 7

Any building (or part thereof) constructed in a circular (or sometimes polygonal) shape, usually producing a large open space crowned by a dome.

Front 8

Tetrarchy

Back 8

Also the "rule of four", create by Diocletian, four individuals rule the Roman Empire.

Front 9

Spolia

Back 9

Repurposed building stone for new construction, or decorative sculpture reused in new monuments.

Front 10

Syncretism

Back 10

The combining of different beliefs, by merging or assimilation of several ideas for an inclusive approach to other faiths.

Front 11

Central plan vs. Longitudinal plan

Back 11

Central plan let people walk around, longitudinal plan let people walk through.

Front 12

Ambulatory

Back 12

A curved walk way, especially an aisle around the apse in a church or monastery.

Front 13

Atrium

Back 13

An unroofed interior courtyard or room in a Roman house, sometimes having a pool or garden, sometimes surrounded by columns. Also the open courtyard in front of a Christian church or an entrance area in modern architecture.

Front 14

Clerestory

Back 14

The upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a large church, containing a series of windows admitting daylight to the interior.

Front 15

Narthex

Back 15

An enclosed passage between the main entrance and the nave of a church.

Front 16

Transept

Back 16

A transverse part of a cruciform("cross-shaped") church that crossing between the nave and the apse.

Front 17

Justinian I and Theodora

Back 17

When the emperor is cornered by crowds, Theodora told Justinian to fight back, and they remain their place. Justinian later rebuild the church that have been burn down into the Hagia Sophia.

Front 18

Naos

Back 18

The principal room in a temple or church. The cella or the nave and sanctuary.

Front 19

Squinch vs. Pendentive

Back 19

Squinch is triangular-like wedges that placed in the corners between the dome's bottom edge and the room's upper edge; pendentive is spherical triangle that serves as an arch on the room's upper edge and meet the dome's circular base.

Front 20

Tesserae and Mosaic

Back 20

Tesserae is the small piece of stone, glass, ceramic, or other hard material cut in a cubical or some regular shape that use in mosaic art.

Front 21

Icon

Back 21

An image representing a sacred figure or event in the Byzantine Church. icons are venerated by the faithful, who believe their prayers are transmitted through them to God.

Front 22

Pantokrator

Back 22

An icon of Christ represented full or half-length and full-faced. He holds the book of the Gospels in his left hand and blesses with his right hand.

Front 23

Iconoclasm

Back 23

The banning and/or destruction of images, especially icons and religious art.

Front 24

Muhammad

Back 24

The founder of Islam, he didn't allow pagan idols on the shrine and let the Islamic religious architecture become non-figural imagery art. Islam believe Muhammad is the last prophet but also acknowledging Hebrew and Christian prophet like Moses and Jesus.

Front 25

Qur'an

Back 25

Literally meaning "the recitation", the central religious text of Islam.

Front 26

Mecca

Back 26

Also spelled Makkah, the birthplace of Muhammad and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the qur'an. Islam believe it is the place where god lives.

Front 27

Mihrab

Back 27

A recess or niche that distinguishes the wall oriented toward Mecca (qibla) in a mosque.

Front 28

Hypostyle hall

Back 28

Interior space whose roof rest on pillars or columns

Front 29

Qibla wall

Back 29

The mosque wall oriented toward Mecca, indicated by the mihrab.

Front 30

Siddhartha Gautama (Shakyamuni Buddha)

Back 30

A monk and religious leader on whose teaching Buddhism was founded. The primary figure in Buddhism.

Front 31

Samsara; Karma; Nirvana

Back 31

Samsara is the cycle of birth, death, disease, and decay; Karma is the law of cause and effect; Nirvana is the release from samsara cycle.

Front 32

Stupa

Back 32

In Buddhist architecture, a bell-shaped or dome-like religious monument, made of piled earth, brick, or stone, and containing sacred relics.

Front 33

Mandala

Back 33

An image of the cosmos represented by an arrangement of circles or concentric geometric shapes containing diagrams or images. Used for meditation and contemplation by Buddhist.

Front 34

Axis mundi (axis of the world)

Back 34

Marks sacred site and denotes a link between the human and celestial realms. For example, in South Asian art, the axis mundi can be marked by monumental free-standing decorative pillars.

Front 35

Torana

Back 35

A Indian gateway commonly of wood or stone, marking the entrance to a Buddhist shrine or stupa or to a Hindu temple.

Front 36

Urna

Back 36

In Buddhist art, the curl of hair on the forehead that is a characteristic mark for a buddha. A symbol of divine wisdom.

Front 37

Ushnisha

Back 37

In Asian art, a round cranial bump or bun of hair symbolizing royalty and, when worn by a buddha, enlightenment.

Front 38

Mudra

Back 38

A symbolic hand gesture in Buddhist art that denotes certain behaviors, actions, or feelings.

Front 39

Fang-ding

Back 39

A square or rectangular bronze vessel with four legs. The fang ding was used for ritual offerings in ancient China during the Shang dynasty.

Front 40

Confucianism

Back 40

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. Confucianism cares about playing each other's roles in society with specific social class level.

Front 41

Daoism

Back 41

An philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events. Daoism focus on man and nature, not about society.

Front 42

Neo-Confucianism

Back 42

A movement in religious philosophy derived from Confucianism in China in Tang Dynasty in response to the ideas of Taoism and Buddhism. Two mean ideas of li and qi, to rid impurities in qi so the li may realize its oneness and the people themselves can be enlightened.

Front 43

Literati

Back 43

Well-educated people who are interested in literature.

Front 44

Handscroll vs. Hanging Scroll

Back 44

Handscroll is a long, narrow, horizontal painting or text, hanging scroll is a vertical painting.

Front 45

Shinto

Back 45

The way of gods. One of the most important characteristics of Shinto faith is ritual purification. The Sun goddess is Amaterasu.

Front 46

Kami

Back 46

Deities

Front 47

Yamato, Yamato-e

Back 47

Ancient name for Japan. Yamato-e is a native style of Japanese painting developed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, distinguished from Japanese painting styles that emulated Chinese traditions.