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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In skeletal muscle, where are nuclei positioned? |
Plasma membrane |
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What is the tissue organisation in duchenne? |
Irregular as fibres change shape Activated fibroblasts secrete ECM around cells |
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What are centronuclear myopathies? |
Central nuclei |
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Things to consider |
Colour, polarity |
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Types of PKD |
Autosomal dominant - sporadic cysts
Autosomal recessive - develop at young age Acquired |
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Where else can the cysts be in PKD? |
Liver, pancreas and intestine
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What are symptoms of ADPKD?
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Hypertension, haematuria, polyuria, UTIs
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Which proteins are involved in PKD? |
Polycystin-1 - ion transport, cell-matrix interaction, interacts with PC2.
Required for the proper maintenance andsubsequent elongation of the nephron segments |
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What is the mechanism of cyst formation? |
Increased cell proliferation and apoptosis Enhanced fluid secretion - AQP1, 2 highly expressed Abnormal cell-matrix interactions - thicker BM Alterations in cell polarity - E-cadherin replaced by foetal N-Cadherin Abnormal ciliary structure or function - sense urine flow and control cell proliferation |
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Which cell creates collagen? |
Fibroblast |
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Where is type I collagen found? |
skin, tendon |
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Where is type II collagen found? |
cartilage |
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Where is type IV collagen found? |
basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the BM |
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Which collagens are involved in cirrhosis? |
Deposition of collagens I & III inthe space of Disse Collagen IV is replaced by collagensI&III (normally found in portaltracts and central veins) |
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Cardiac muscle cells specialisations.
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Oval, pale nuclei in centre
often branch at acute angles and are connected to each other by specialisations of the cell membrane in the region of the intercalated discs. No equivalent to the satellite cells of skeletal muscle. |
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Different ways of cutting |
Longitudinal Transverse |
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Three cardiac layers? |
Endocardium - inner layer. Endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue and subendocardial layer Myocardium - thickest layer contains mardiomyocytes, blood vessels Epicardium- outer layer, blood vessel and lymphatics. |
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What type of dye is eosin and what does it stain? |
Acidic dye Stains basic structures red/pink - 'eosinophilic' Cytoplasm stains pink |
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What type of dye is haematoxylin and what does it stain? |
Basic dye Stains acidic structures purple/blue - Nucleus and RNA in cytoplasm stains pruple. |
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What is Masson's trichome stain used for? |
Stain connective tissues. Tri-chrome = three colours. Nuclei and other basophilic (basic-liking) structures are stained blue Cytoplasm, muscle, erythrocytes and keratin are stained bright-red. Collagen is stained green or blue. |
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Explain Giemsa staining |
Blood and bone-marrow smears. - Nuclei are stained dark-blue - Cytoplasm pale blue - Erythrocytes pale pink. |
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Type of necrosis with DM? |
Diabetic Gangrenous necrosis Occlusive peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease is typical for DM Many arteries are involved, reducing collateral flow. |
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Type of necrosis with pancreatitis? |
Fat
Enzymes released from the pancreas with acute pancreatitis damage the surrounding fat and form soaps The damaged pancreatic exocrine cells release lipase and amylase as markers for their injury. |
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What is an abscess? |
Localised collection of pus with a soft yellow purulent center. |
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What is Coagulative necrosis is a characteristic feature of? |
ischemic injury to many organs such as heart, spleen, and liver. |
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What undergoes Liquefactive necrosis? |
Damage to an organ such as the brain with abundant lipid. Liquefactive necrosis is seen in abscesses as well. |
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Where does NADPH oxidase help generate free radicals? |
Within phagolysosomes in cells such as neutrophils. |
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Which enzymes within cells is the most likely protective mechanism to reduce the number of free radical for cell injury? |
Glutathione peroxidase |
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What are a form of intrinsic pathway for induced apoptosis after endometrium fragmentation in normal menstruation? |
Decreased estrogen |
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What is dysplasia? |
disordered development of a tissue, including cell types that ordinarily are not present. |
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What is Steatosis? |
Intracellular accumulation of lipid, either as small (micro) or large (macro) droplets (vesicles) |
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What can activate caspases? |
Misfolded proteins can trigger apoptosis with release of caspases that lead to nuclear and cytoplasmic fragmentation. |
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What is reperfusion injury following MI? |
Activates oxygen species to produce free radical injury |
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What is the result of G1/S mutations cell cycle checkpoint? |
ell cycle checkpoint at which defects in DNA are detected to prevent replication with mutations or chromosomal breaks. |
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What is Goodpasture syndrome? |
antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure. It is thought to attack the alpha-3 subunit of type IV collagen, which has therefore been referred to as Goodpasture's antigen |
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What is Podocyte foot process effacement? |
minimal change disease, the most common cause for nephrotic syndrome in children, and fusion of podocyte foot processes is the only pathologic finding present (on electron microscopy). Most patients respond to corticosteroid therapy. |
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most likely diagnosis with nephritic syndromes? |
Proteinuria - usually not marked, as in nephrotic syndrome. Membranous nephropathy typically produces nephrotic syndrome that is predominantly albuminuria. Diseases with crescents, such as membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, lead to nephritic syndrome. |
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What is in abundance in cytoplasm of hepatocytes? |
Glycogen
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Layers in artery for identification |
The intima is so thin that it is indistinct. The media with smooth muscle forms the bulk of the artery. The adventitia is outside the media and merges with surrounding epicardial fat and connective tissue. |
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Changes in breast during pregnancy? |
During pregnancy, the ducts respond to estrogen and the lobules hypertrophy in response to rising progesterone levels. |
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Layers in endometrium |
superficial columnar layer of cells, seen here overlying a stratum basal is layer with developing proliferative phase endometrium. The myometrium composed of smooth muscle bundles is below the endometrial layer which lines the central endometrial cavity of the uterus |
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Difference in proximal and distal tubules? |
The proximal tubules have a taller, pinker epithelium compared to the thinner epithelium of the distal tubules. |
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How to identify liver? |
3 zones
zone 1 in periportal region, zone 2 in the middle of the lobule, and zone 3 in centrilobular region. A central vein and a portal triad define the lobule. |
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What is present in sinusoids? |
Kupffer cells
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What stain is used for liver? What does it show? |
PAS stain
Demonstrates the abundant glycogen that is present within the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. |
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Where do bile canaliculi drain? |
Triad |
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Appearance of lungs at low magnification? |
Mostly empty spaces
Alveoli have thin walls--less than 1 micron |
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Nuclei in skeletal muscle |
Multiple nuclei of the fiber are at the periphery of the muscle fiber.
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Features of cardiac muscle
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Central nuclei
Intercalated discs Striated muscle |
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Ovary features |
numerous primordial follicles and little intervening stroma. |
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What is secreted by acini in pancreas? |
bicarbonate, lipase, amylase, and other digestive substances via the duct system |
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In skin, what is the thin layer above the epidermis? |
Keratin
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Layers in the dermis |
upper papillary dermis beneath the epidermis and the lower reticular dermis. |
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Features of Atherosclerosis Cause |
small the remaining lumen of the vessel deposit of calcium Increased levels of lipids, particularly cholesterol, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Narrowing of arteries reduces blood flow to tissues distal to the artery. This may cause the cells to become smaller (atrophy) if they have time to adapt, or the cells may die. |
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What is one of the first forms of alcoholic liver injury? |
Steatosis - Accumulation of lipid (fat) in the hepatocytes. |
