Cto - Muscle Tissue

Front 1

what are the 5 major functions of muscles?

Back 1

produce body movements, stabilize body positions, regulate organ volume, flow of substances within the body, production of heat

Front 2

what are the 3 major muscles categories? Which 2 are striated? Which is voluntary?

Back 2

smooth, skeletal, cardiac; cardiac and skeletal; skeletal

Front 3

a typical skeletal muscle is contained within a dense tissue sheath which corresponds, in part, to deep fascia. What is the name of this tissue?

Back 3

epimysium

Front 4

what is another name for a muscle strand? With what is each layer of muscle covered?

Back 4

fasicle; perimysium

Front 5

what is the basic unit of muscle, of which fasicles are composed? With what are these units covered?

Back 5

muscle fibers; endomysium

Hint 5

None

Front 6

what is the name for the feature of muscle which separates the muscle fiber from the endomysium? This is part of which larger membrane?

Back 6

external lamina; sarcolemma

Front 7

by which anatomical feature are muscles attached to bone? Of what is this feature composed?

Back 7

tendons; dense, regular connective tissue

Front 8

what is the purpose of tendons?

Back 8

provide stability for the muscle and transmit the force of movement from muscle to bone

Front 9

skeletal muscle fibers arise from the fusion of multiple cells during development, resulting in mutinucleate muscle fibers. What is the name for these precursor cells?

Back 9

myoblasts

Front 10

where in the muscle fiber are nuclei located? Immediately beneath which feature?

Back 10

on the periphery of fiber; sarcolemma

Front 11

what is the name for the extended contractile unit in muscle fibers? For the fundamental unit of contraction?

Back 11

myofibril; sacromere

Front 12

what are the two main constituents of sacromeres? Which form the thin lines? Thick lines?

Back 12

actin and myosin II; actin; myosin II

Front 13

what is the composition of the H line? The I line?

Back 13

myosin; actin

Front 14

a sarcomere is defined as the unit between which two lines of demarcation?

Back 14

Z lines

Front 15

the 'midline' of a sacromere is called what?

Back 15

M line

Front 16

what is the name for the part of the sarcomere which spans the thick filament?

Back 16

A line

Front 17

by which end (+ or -) are actin molecules anchored on Z lines? With which scaffolding protein are they associated?

Back 17

(+) end; nebulin

Front 18

which protein holds myosin II in place and also acts as a molecular spring to prevent overstretching of the sarcomere?

Back 18

titin

Front 19

to which regulatory proteins are actin filaments bound?

Back 19

troponin-tropomyosin complex

Front 20

which cytoskeletal elements help to maintain the proper alignment of myofibrils within the muscle fiber?

Back 20

intermediate filaments

Front 21

which two proteins are involved in the membane cytoskeleton which serves to stabilize the sarcolemma? Defects in which of these elements leads to muscular dystrophy?

Back 21

actin and dystrophin; dystrophin

Hint 21

None

Front 22

which proteins help to establish the muscle-tendon connection at the myotendinous junction? Between which two elements is this connection made?

Back 22

integrins; between actin filaments of terminal sarcomere and extracellular matrix of tendon

Hint 22

None

Front 23

what is the name for the unit composed of a single axon together with all the muscle fibers it innervates?

Back 23

motor unit

Front 24

what is the name for the location on the muscle where the neuromuscular junction synapses?

Back 24

motor end plate

Front 25

release of which NT into the synapse of neuromuscular junction triggers depolarization in the sarcolemma?

Back 25

acetylcholine

Front 26

what is the name of the structure which carries the depolarization from the sarcolemma to the individual myofibrils?

Back 26

t-tubules

Front 27

with which feature of the myofibrils do T-tubules make contact to further spread depolarization to each sarcomere in skeletal muscle? What is the name for these contacs?

Back 27

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); triads

Hint 27

None

Front 28

communication between t-tubules and SR results in the release of what from the SR to trigger an muscle contraction?

Back 28

Calcium

Front 29

which protein, known as an E-F hand proteins, binds Ca++ to expose the actin filaments for binding to to the myosin heads?

Back 29

troponin C

Front 30

for which part of the muscle contraction is ATP required?

Back 30

for the release of the myosin heads from the actin filaments

Front 31

how is cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle in terms of number and location of nuclei?

Back 31

cardiac muscle cells are uninucleate and the nucleus is located in the center of the cell, unlike the skeletal muscle cells which are mutinucleate and have their nuclei on periphery of cell.

Front 32

which, cardiac or skeletal muscle fibers, often branch?

Back 32

cardiac muscle fibers

Front 33

what is the name for the structure allowing for elaborate intercellular junctional complexes in cardiac muscle cells? These structures are composed of which 3 structures?

Back 33

intercalated discs; macular adherens (desmosomes), fasica adherens, and gap junctions

Front 34

what is the name for the SR-t tubule junction in cardiac muscle cells? Is the SR more or less elaborate in these cells than in skeletal muscle cells?

Back 34

diads; less

Front 35

which aspect of the intercalated discs is important for synchonization of action potentials in adjacent muscle cells?

Back 35

gap junctions

Front 36

are smooth muscle cells multi- or uninucleate?

Back 36

uninucleate

Front 37

which feature connects smooth muscle cell to coordinate contraction?

Back 37

gap junctions

Front 38

the structural framework of smooth muscle cells is provided by which cytoskeletal element?

Back 38

intermediate filaments

Front 39

what is the name for the units which anchor actin thin filaments in smooth muscle cells?

Back 39

dense plaques

Front 40

in what kind of arrangment do myosin and actin interact in smooth muscle cells?

Back 40

in a 3D manner

Front 41

macula adherens is another word for which attachment junctions in cardiac muscle cells?

Back 41

desmosomes

Front 42

do smooth muscles respond primarily to hormonal or nervous stimuli?

Back 42

both

Front 43

of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle, which 2 use the troponin-tropomyosin complex for contraction?

Back 43

cardiac and skeletal

Front 44

in smooth muscles, myosin is activated via which protein, as opposed to the troponin-tropomyosin complex?

Back 44

myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

Front 45

which protein deactivates myosin filaments in smooth muscle cells?

Back 45

phosphatase

Hint 45

None

Front 46

what is one pathway via which MLCK can be activated in smooth muscle cells?

Back 46

Calcium-Calmodulin

Front 47

organizations of smooth muscle cells that need to be under tight control are known as what? Will these organizations be more or less heavily innervated than other smooth muscle cells? Where might one find this?

Back 47

multiunit ; more; pupils

Front 48

what is the term used for smooth muscle which is not multiunit? What is an example of where one might find this?

Back 48

visceral or unitary type; gut or uterus

Front 49

which of the 3 muscle types exhibits mitosis?

Back 49

smooth

Front 50

what are the 5 properties of muscle tissue?

Back 50

excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Front 51

skeletal muscle cells experience limited regeneration via which support cells?

Back 51

satellite cells

Front 52

which band of skeletal muscle is also known as the "light" band? The "dark" band?

Back 52

I is light, A is dark

Front 53

the external lamina of skeletal muscle cells is another term for which epithelial feature?

Back 53

basement membrane

Front 54

what are the 2 components of the sarcolemma?

Back 54

external lamina and plasma membrane

Front 55

what is the name for the cytoplasm in a muscle cell?

Back 55

sacroplasm

Front 56

what are the larger names for actin and myosin filaments?

Back 56

myofilaments

Front 57

which 3 types of intermediate filaments are present between myofibrils for support?

Back 57

desmin, vimentin, synemin

Front 58

what are the functions of troponin T and troponin I?

Back 58

T binds tropomyosin and I inhibits binding of myosin to actin

Front 59

which protein is the main component of the M line in sarcomeres?

Back 59

myomesin

Front 60

what is the difference in function between small and large motor units?

Back 60

small motor units are in charge of fine motor control, large units manage gross muscle control

Front 61

the triads occur at the junction of which bands in striated muscle cells?

Back 61

A and I

Front 62

which kind of skeletal muscle is important in maintaining posture?

Back 62

slow-twitch

Front 63

which kind of skeletal muscle is white and contains little myoglobin and blood vessels?

Back 63

fast-twitch B

Front 64

which fast-twitch muscles are used for running and walking? For lifting weights?

Back 64

fast twitch A; fast-twitch B

Front 65

which feature is crucial in sensing muscle stretch?

Back 65

muscle spindle

Front 66

at which location in cardiac cells is diad found?

Back 66

Z line

Front 67

is there more SR in skeletal or cardiac muscle?

Back 67

skeletal

Front 68

cucumber nuclei are characteristic of which type of muscle?

Back 68

smooth

Front 69

what structures replace t-tubules in smooth muscle?

Back 69

caveolae

Front 70

which type of collagen is found between smooth muscle cells?

Back 70

Type III (reticular fibers)

Front 71

corkscrew nuclei result from which activity in smooth muscles?

Back 71

contraction of cell

Front 72

what is the name for the structure on the axons which innervate smooth muscle?

Back 72

varicosities

Front 73

what is the role of alpha actinin?

Back 73

to anchor actin at the Z lines