Cto - Integument

Front 1

what are the names for the two layers of skin?

Back 1

dermis and epidermis

Front 2

which three types of glands are commonly found in the skin?

Back 2

sweat glands, mammary glands, sebaceous glands

Front 3

what are 5 functions of the skin?

Back 3

protection, regulation of body temperature, photochemical production of vitamin D, excretion of wastes via sweat glands, sensation

Front 4

what is the composition of epidermis? From which germ layer is the epidermis derived?

Back 4

epithelium; ectoderm

Front 5

what is the composition of the dermis? From which germ layer is the dermis derived?

Back 5

connective tissue; mesoderm

Front 6

which type of epithelium is the epidermis?

Back 6

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 7

what is another name for the epithelial cells which compose the epidermis?

Back 7

keratinocytes

Front 8

other than the keratinocytes which comprise the epithelium, which other non-epithelial cells are present in the epidermis?

Back 8

melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel's cells

Front 9

how many layers of keratinocytes are present in epidermis?

Back 9

4 (5 in thick skin)

Hint 9

None

Front 10

what is the name of the deepest layer of epidermis? Of how many cell layers is it composed?

Back 10

stratum basale; 1

Front 11

what is the shape of the epithelium which composes the stratum basale?

Back 11

cuboidal or low columnar

Front 12

are the cells in the stratum basale mitotically active or inactive, for the most part?

Back 12

active

Front 13

by which adhesive feature are cells of the stratum basale attached to adjacent cells? To the basement membrane?

Back 13

desmosomes; hemidesmosomes

Front 14

is the cytoplasm of cells of stratum basale eosinophilic or basophilic? Why?

Back 14

basophilic; because there are many ribosomes making keratin

Front 15

into which cytoskeletal element is keratin organized in the keratinocytes?

Back 15

intermediate filaments (called keratin fibers, tonofilaments, cytokeratins)

Front 16

what are the name for the pigment granules found in the cells of the stratum basale?

Back 16

melanosomes

Front 17

by which type of cells are melanosomes synthesized? In which layer of epithelium are these cells found?

Back 17

melanocytes; stratum basale

Front 18

which of the 5 layers of epidermis is most often the thickest? What is the shape of the cells in this layer?

Back 18

stratum spinosum; cuboidal or flattened cuboidal

Front 19

what is a name given to cells of the stratum spinosum due to their abundance of intercellular desmosomes?

Back 19

prickle cells

Hint 19

None

Front 20

which is the last of the 5 layers of epidermis that has nucleated cells?

Back 20

stratum granulosum

Front 21

what is the morphology of the cells in the stratum granulosum

Back 21

flattened nucleated cells

Front 22

with which type of basophilic granules are cells of the stratum granulosum filled?

Back 22

keratohyalin granules

Front 23

what is the purpose of the lamellar bodies? In which layer of the epidermis are they normally found?

Back 23

form a barrier for water retention (water-proofing); stratum granulosum

Front 24

what is the name for the layer of epidermis superficial to the stratum granulosum which is composed of dead cells filled with keratin?

Back 24

stratum corneum

Front 25

which cells of the stratum corneum, the deepest or most superficial, are coated with lipids from the lamellar bodies?

Back 25

deepest

Front 26

which cells of the stratum corneum, the deepest of most superficial, are attached to adjacent cells by desmosomes and resist being sloughed off?

Back 26

deepest

Front 27

in which two locations does thick skin predominate?

Back 27

palms of hands and soles of feet

Front 28

in thick skin, which layer, which is thin in thin skin, is particularly thick?

Back 28

stratum corneum

Front 29

what is the name for the 5th layer of epidermis which is often found between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum in thick-skinned areas?

Back 29

stratum lucidum

Front 30

aside from amount of keratin, which surface specialization distinguishes thick from thin skin?

Back 30

thin skin is covered with hair; thick skin is not.

Hint 30

None

Front 31

from which germ cells are melanocytes derived?

Back 31

neural crest cells

Front 32

melanocytes have extensive processes that contact as many as _____ neighboring ________________ in both the basal and spinous layers.

Back 32

30; keratinocytes

Front 33

which pigment molecule comprises melanosomes?

Back 33

melanin

Front 34

why do melanosomes congregate above the nucleus in keratinocytes?

Back 34

because their job is to protect DNA from UV damage.

Front 35

true or false. Variations in skin color are due to variations in the number of melanocytes in different individuals.

Back 35

false; it is the number of melanosomes produced by the melanocytes that determines skin color, not the number of melanocytes.

Front 36

which non-epithelial cells which reside in the epidermis are pale-staining and have numerous dendritic processes?

Back 36

Langerhans cells

Front 37

in which layer of the epidermis are Langerhans cells typically found?

Back 37

stratum spinosum

Front 38

which non-epithelial cells of the epidermis are both antigen-presenting cells and are involved in contact dermatitis?

Back 38

Langerhans cells

Front 39

which non-epithelial cells of the epidermis are rounded cells found in the basal layer that are modified keratinocytes?

Back 39

Merkel's cells

Front 40

of which mechanosensory receptor that detects touch and pressure are Merkel's cells part?

Back 40

Merkel's disks

Front 41

which feature in Merkel's cells is thought to modulate the nerve terminal?

Back 41

granules

Front 42

which layer of the skin is responsible for the tone?

Back 42

dermis

Front 43

what are the names of the two layers which comprise the dermis?

Back 43

papillary layer and reticular layer

Front 44

which layer of the dermis is responsible for strengthening the epidermal-dermal junction?

Back 44

papillary layer

Front 45

the papillary layer of the dermis is responsible for which gross feature of the human skin?

Back 45

fingerprints

Front 46

which layer of the dermis contains many fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages?

Back 46

papillary layer

Front 47

of which type of connective tissue is papillary layer composed? Reticular layer?

Back 47

loose CT; dense irregular CT

Front 48

what determines the elasticity of the dermis?

Back 48

the quality of the fibers in the reticular layer

Front 49

what is another name for the 'superficial fascia' found in gross anatomy?

Back 49

hypodermis

Front 50

of what is the hypodermis composed?

Back 50

loos CT with variable amounts of fat, blood vessels, and nerves

Front 51

which layer of the integument is responsible for the skin's ability to slide?

Back 51

hypodermis

Front 52

which layer of the of the integument provides insulation and serves as a shock absorber?

Back 52

hypodermis

Front 53

of which type of cells are hair follicles composed?

Back 53

epithelium

Front 54

what is the name for the bottom of the tube which anchors a hair follicle?

Back 54

bulb

Front 55

what is the name for the part of the hair follicle that contains the capillaries that nourish the follicle?

Back 55

dermal papilla

Front 56

what is the name for the cells in a hair follicle which surround the dermal papilla and which are responsible for the formation of hair?

Back 56

hair matrix

Front 57

which cells and associated granules are responsible for hair color? In which region of the hair follicle are these found?

Back 57

melanocytes and melanosomes; hair matrix

Front 58

what are the two general parts of a hair follicle, determined by location with relation to the skin?

Back 58

root and shaft

Front 59

from the deepest to most superficial layer, what are the names of the 3 layer of skin which make up the hair follicle? Which of these 3 layers is heavily keratinized and overlap like shingles on a roof?

Back 59

medulla, cortex, cuticle; cuticle

Front 60

with which type of muscle are hair follicles often associated? Is this muscle striated or smooth?

Back 60

arrector pili; smooth

Front 61

what is the name for the collective unit composed of sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles in hair follicles?

Back 61

pilosebaceous unit

Front 62

what two features compose the two anchors of the arrector pili muscle in the hair follicles? Contracting the arrector pili has what effect on hair?

Back 62

hair follicle and dermis; stand up vertically (goosebumps)

Front 63

what is the name of the oily secretion by the sebaceous glands?

Back 63

sebum

Front 64

which method of secretion is used by sebaceous glands?

Back 64

holocrine

Front 65

in which two layers of the skin are sebaceous glands most commonly found? In which three areas of the body are they most commonly found?

Back 65

dermis and hypodermis; scalp, face, upper chest

Front 66

which type of glands are sebaceous glands?

Back 66

simple branched acinar glands

Front 67

what clinical manifestation results upon buildup of sebum in the ducts of sebaceous glands?

Back 67

acne

Front 68

overactivity of sebaceous glands produces which condition? Give two examples of this condition (one in children, one in adults)?

Back 68

seborrhea; cradle cap and dandruff

Front 69

what are the names of the two types of sweat glands found in the skin?

Back 69

eccrine and apocrine

Front 70

eccrine sweat glands are of which gland variety? They are most commonly found in which two layers of skin?

Back 70

simple coiled tubular glands; dermis or hypodermis

Front 71

what is the primary function of eccrine glands? Which products are excreted by these glands?

Back 71

evaporative cooling; salts, lactate, urea

Front 72

the secretory portion of eccrine glands is composed of which type of epithelium? The duct?

Back 72

simple cuboidal; stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 73

which two types of cells are found in the secretory layer of the eccrine sweat glands? Which of these are pyramidal cells full of secretory granules containing glycoproteins? Which cells produce water and electrolytes?

Back 73

dark cells and clear cells; dark cells; clear cells

Hint 73

None

Front 74

which method of secretion is used by eccrine sweat glands?

Back 74

merocrine

Front 75

which type of cells are found among the secretory cells and help expel the secretions?

Back 75

myoepithelial cells

Front 76

accrine sweat glands are which type of glands? With which bodily regions are they associated?

Back 76

simple coiled tubular glands; axillary and anogenital regions

Hint 76

None

Front 77

which skin feature are apocrine sweat glands often associated?

Back 77

hair follicles

Front 78

is the lumen of apocrine gland wider or thinner than eccrine sweat glands?

Back 78

wider

Front 79

what creates characteristic scent of body odor?

Back 79

when sweat from apocrine glands gets processed by batereia

Front 80

the secretions from apocrine glands contain which chemicals important in sexual relationships?

Back 80

pheromones

Front 81

how do all glands originally develop?

Back 81

via invagination of skin during early development

Front 82

what is the classification of mammary glands?

Back 82

compound tubuloacinar

Hint 82

None

Front 83

what is the pre-puberty difference in mammary glands between males and females?

Back 83

none

Front 84

what occurs upon puberty in mammary glands of females?

Back 84

elongation and branching of ducts and establishment of lobular architecture of mature breast

Front 85

with pregnancy, what changes take place in the breast of a woman?

Back 85

mammary glandular tissue proliferates, replacing much of the fat and CT.

Front 86

of which type of cells are secretory aveoli in pregnant women composed?

Back 86

simpe cuboidal or columnar epithelium and myoepithelial cells

Front 87

what is the name for the original pre-milk protein-rich, antibody-rich secretion of breasts in a pregnant woman?

Back 87

colostrum

Front 88

milk production is triggered by the release of which hormone?

Back 88

prolactin

Front 89

which methods of secretion are used by active mammary glands? For which components of milk is each method responsible?

Back 89

merocrine is responsible for protein and antibody component; apocrine is responsible for lipid component

Hint 89

None

Front 90

which type of secretion is performed by apocrine sweat glands?

Back 90

merocrine

Front 91

secretions from mammary glands drain into ____________ which is lined with ______________ and then into _______________ which open individually at the nipple.

Back 91

lactiferous ducts; simple cuboidal epithelium; lactiferous sinuses

Front 92

which 3 sensory receptors are encapsulated? Which 2 are unencapsulated?

Back 92

Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini's Corpuscles; Merkel's Disks, Free nerve endings

Front 93

where are Meissner's corpuscles located in skin? What is their function?

Back 93

within dermal papillae in hairless skin; detection of fine touch and pressure

Front 94

where are Pacininan corpuscles located in skin? What is their function?

Back 94

within deep dermis and hypodermis; detection of deep pressure and vibration

Front 95

where are Merkel's Disks located in skin? What is their function?

Back 95

Epidermal-dermal junction; detection of fine touch and pressure

Front 96

where are Ruffini's Corpuscles located in skin? What is their function?

Back 96

dermis; detection of stress

Front 97

where are free nerve endings located in skin? What is their function?

Back 97

epidermis or associated with hair follicle; detection of pain, temperature, hair movement

Front 98

what is another term to mean hairless, in thick skin?

Back 98

glabrous skin