Cto - Connective Tissue

Front 1

what are the two major components of connective tissue

Back 1

cells and extracellular matrix

Front 2

what are the three components of the extracellular matrix?

Back 2

fibers, structural glycoproteins, amorphous ground substance

Front 3

what are the two major classifications for cells in the connective tissue?

Back 3

free and fixed

Front 4

which cell in the connective tissue is largely responsible for the production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix?

Back 4

fibroblast

Front 5

of which system is the macrophage representative?

Back 5

mononuclear phagocyte system

Front 6

what is the name for the cell which releases substances in response to allergies?

Back 6

mast cell

Front 7

what are two substances released by mast cells in response to allergy or anaphylaxis?

Back 7

histamine and heparin

Front 8

which antibody triggers the mast cell response to allergens?

Back 8

IgE

Front 9

neutrophils play a role in what important immune function?

Back 9

phagocytosis

Front 10

what are 3 areas of connective tissue where one might find eosinophils and lymphocytes?

Back 10

skin, respiratory tract, gut epithelia

Front 11

which fibrous element is predominant in the extracellular matrix?

Back 11

collagen

Front 12

true or false. Collagen, like all other types of extracellular matrix, is produced and maintained by the fibroblasts.

Back 12

true.

Hint 12

None

Front 13

what is the highest level of collagen that is produced INSIDE the cell?

Back 13

procollagen

Hint 13

None

Front 14

tropocollagen molecules are formed of how many collagen helices?

Back 14

3 helices

Front 15

what are the 2 highest levels of organization for collagen molecules? Where are they assembled?

Back 15

fibrils and fibers; assembled in extracellular space

Front 16

which amino acids are the most prominent in collagen?

Back 16

glycine and proline

Front 17

which 2 amino acids are hydroxylated in the formation of procollagen? What factor is necessary in this process?

Back 17

lysine and proline; vitamin C

Front 18

what is the role of lysyl oxidase in collagen formation? Which factor must be present for the activity of lysyl oxidase?

Back 18

facilitates covalent bond formation among tropocollagen molecules in fibril formation; Vitamin C

Front 19

what are 3 diseases which result from mutations in collagen or deficiencies in factors involved in its formation?

Back 19

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, osteogenesis imperfects, scurvy

Front 20

how many types of collagen are there?

Back 20

12 types

Front 21

which of the 4 types of collagen does not form fibers?

Back 21

type IV

Front 22

where are type I collagen molecules usually found?

Back 22

dermis, tendon, bone, fibrocartilage

Front 23

where are type II collagen molecules usually found?

Back 23

hyaline cartilage, invertebral disk

Front 24

where are type III collagen molecules usually found?

Back 24

smooth muscle, reticular connective tissue

Front 25

where are type IV collagen molecules usually found?

Back 25

basement membrane

Front 26

what is the meaning of argyrophilic?

Back 26

silver loving

Front 27

elastic fibers are composed of which two principal components?

Back 27

elastin and fibrillin

Front 28

which "amino acids" are important in connecting elastin molecules?

Back 28

desmosine and isodesmosine

Front 29

which is a disease which results from elastin deficiencies or mutations?

Back 29

Marfan's syndrome

Front 30

what are two elements of structural glycoproteins? What do they do?

Back 30

laminin and fibronectin; they link elements of the ECM to each other and to basement membrane

Front 31

______ is the name for the viscous, hydrated gel of glycosaminoglycans?

Back 31

ground substance

Front 32

what are the two major components of ground substance?

Back 32

GAGs and proteoglycans

Front 33

for what does GAG stand?

Back 33

glycosaminoglycans

Front 34

what is the term used for a clinical excess of ground substance?

Back 34

edema

Front 35

what are the two types of adipose tissue?

Back 35

white (unilocular) fat and brown (multilocular) fat

Front 36

in whom is brown fat the most common?

Back 36

babies

Front 37

what is the role of the uncoupling enzymes in the mitochonrdia of brown fat cells?

Back 37

to produce heat

Front 38

are adipocytes fixed or free connective tissue cells?

Back 38

fixed

Front 39

what is the role of plasma cells in the body?

Back 39

create antibodies to respond to foreign bodies.

Front 40

is fibroblast chromatin usually euchromatic or heterochromatic? Why?

Back 40

eurochromatic; lots of protein production

Front 41

from what stem cells are macrophages created (this is common of all mononuclear phagocytic system)?

Back 41

hematopoeitic (bone marrow) cells

Front 42

what are 3 types of macrophages present in diverse tissues?

Back 42

Kupffer cells (liver), Langerhans cells (pancreas), osteoclasts (bone)

Front 43

why is first exposure to antigen never severe?

Back 43

after first exposure, body just created and replicates antibodies. No immune response elicited.

Front 44

what is the name for the process by which mast cells release histamine and heparin?

Back 44

degranulation

Front 45

true or false. Histamine is a power bronchodilator and makes blood vessels permeable.

Back 45

falso. It is a bronchoconstrictor and does make blood vessels more permeable

Front 46

plasma cells differentiate from which cells?

Back 46

B cells

Front 47

which cells stain as 'clockface' cells?

Back 47

plasma cells

Front 48

which cell stains lots of perinuclear Golgi and lots of RER?

Back 48

plasma cells

Front 49

which component of ECM looks striated under EM?

Back 49

collagen

Front 50

what is the difference between pro- and tropocollagen?

Back 50

tropocollagen has propeptides cleaved. Otherwise, same.

Front 51

where does collagen hydroxylation occur? Under the auspice of which factor?

Back 51

Golgi; Vitamin C

Front 52

which is found on exterior of elastic fibers: elastin or fibrillin?

Back 52

fibrillin

Front 53

why is ground substance so important?

Back 53

diffusion of nutrients

Front 54

GAG molecules on a protein core connected to which molecule form proteoglycans? Via what?

Back 54

hyaluronic acid via linker proteins

Front 55

which system is responsible for preventing edema and collecting water?

Back 55

lymphatic system

Front 56

is loose connective tissue regular or irregular? Is it more cells or ECM?

Back 56

irregular; cells

Front 57

what are the two cagtegories of dense CT?

Back 57

regular and irregular

Front 58

which, dense or loose CT, are more capable of dealing with tensile stress?

Back 58

dense

Front 59

what is the name for the fat precursor cell that can become either brown or white fat?

Back 59

lipoblast