Cto - Circulatory System

Front 1

what is the term used to describe the large vessels of the body? The small vessels?

Back 1

macrovasculature; microvasculature

Front 2

is the velocity of flow faster or slower at the capillaries and post-capillary venules?

Back 2

slower

Front 3

where in the circulatory system is the cross-sectional area the greatest?

Back 3

capillaries

Front 4

are the lymphatics part of the macro- or microvasulature?

Back 4

microvasculature

Front 5

what are the 3 layers outward of the blood vessel lumen?

Back 5

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Front 6

which layer of the blood vessel is in touch with the lumen?

Back 6

tunica intima

Front 7

what is the composition of the tunica intima?

Back 7

simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

Front 8

what defines the outer limit of the tunica intima?

Back 8

internal elastic lamina

Front 9

what is the name for the layer of the vessels which lies between the internal and external elastic lamina?

Back 9

tunica media

Front 10

what is the composition of the tunica media?

Back 10

circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and fibroelastic connective tissue

Front 11

what is the name for the outermost layer of the blood vessels?

Back 11

tunica adventitia

Front 12

what is the composition of the tunica adventitia?

Back 12

mostly connective tissue and some smooth muscles in larger vessels

Front 13

which represent the blood and nerve supply to the vessels themselves? In which layer of the vessel do these lie?

Back 13

vaso vasorum and nervi vascularis; tunica adventitia

Front 14

which vessels have better developed layers, arteries or veins?

Back 14

arteries

Front 15

what is the dominant layer of the arteries? The veins?

Back 15

tunica media; tunica adventitia

Front 16

what are the name for the arteries closest to the heart? Why are they called this?

Back 16

elastic arteries; they have a significant component of elastic fibers in their media interspersed with the smooth muscle.

Front 17

what is the role of the elastic fibers in the elastic arteries?

Back 17

to allow the vessels to expand during systole and contract during diastole

Front 18

what is the name for the arteries downstream of the elastic arteries?

Back 18

muscular arteries

Front 19

what characterizes the muscular arteries? How many layers of smooth muscle exist?

Back 19

layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells, often with a prominent internal elastic lamina; 4-40 layers

Front 20

what is the role of the muscular arteries?

Back 20

they regulate blood flow to the organs

Front 21

what is the first member of the microcirculation which follows downstream of the muscular arteries?

Back 21

arterioles

Front 22

how many layer of smooth muscle are present in arterioles?

Back 22

1-3 layers

Front 23

which arterial segment is the main component of the TPR?

Back 23

arterioles

Front 24

what is the name for the arteries downstream of arterioles?

Back 24

metarterioles

Front 25

which types of arteries can feed the capillary bed?

Back 25

arterioles and metarterioles

Front 26

what are the names of connections between arteries and veins that bypass capillaries? Which types of arteries feed these connections? What controls this process?

Back 26

arteriovenous anastomoses; arterioles and metarterioles; precapillary sphincter mechanisms

Front 27

what is the average diameter of a capillary?

Back 27

9-12 microns

Front 28

what is the composition of the capillaries?

Back 28

attenuated endothelial cells

Front 29

what is the name for the cells which are located along the external surface of the endothelium of capillaries in a sporadic fashion? What is their function?

Back 29

pericytes; contractile and regenerative

Front 30

what are the 3 types of capillaries that have been identified?

Back 30

continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous

Front 31

which of the 3 types of capillaries is the most common? How is exchange achieved across their walls?

Back 31

continuous; diffusion and pinocytosis

Front 32

which is the 3 types of capillaries have small pores in their walls?

Back 32

fenestrated

Front 33

by which structure are pores in fenestrated capillaries normally closed?

Back 33

pore diaphragm

Front 34

in which tissues are fenestrated capillaries normally found?

Back 34

kidney, small intestine, endocrine gland

Front 35

which type of capillaries have the largest pores? Which particles can pass through these pores?

Back 35

discontinuous capillaries; macromolecules and plasma proteins

Front 36

what characterizes the basement membrane of discontinuous capillaries?

Back 36

it is normally reduced or absent

Front 37

discontinuous capillaries are normally found in which tissues?

Back 37

liver, spleen, bone marrow

Front 38

into which vessels do capillaries drain?

Back 38

post-capillary venules

Front 39

what is thought to be the location where the majority of the blood-tissue gaseous and nutrient exchange takes place?

Back 39

post-capillary venules

Front 40

in which type of blood vessel do most of the white blood cells leave the circulation to enter the tissues

Back 40

post-capillary venules

Front 41

are the endothelial cells quiescent or metabolically active

Back 41

metabolically active

Front 42

what are 4 roles of the endothelial cells in blood vessels?

Back 42

synthesis and maintenance of the basement membrane, fine-tuning of blood coagulation mechanism, and local control of blood vessel constriction/dilation and vessel wall permeability

Front 43

in which process do the endothelial cells play a significant role?

Back 43

inflammatory process

Front 44

the larger veins have what composition?

Back 44

considerable elastic fibers and some smooth muscle arranged longitudinally

Front 45

which type of valves exist in the veins which permit unidirectional movement of blood to the heart?

Back 45

bicuspid

Front 46

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

Back 46

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Front 47

do lymphatics possess valves? What chacterizes their basement membrane?

Back 47

yes; incomplete

Front 48

what kind of collagen is found in the connective tissue of the tunica adventitia?

Back 48

type I

Front 49

how many layers of smooth muscle are most often present in metarterioles?

Back 49

1 layer

Front 50

which capillaries are most permeable to molecular transport?

Back 50

discontinuous

Front 51

in fenestrated capillaries, are pores within endothelial cells or between these cells?

Back 51

within

Front 52

the tone of smooth muscle cells encircling which vessels detemines how much blood enters capillaries?

Back 52

metarterioles

Front 53

which vessel looks like a large capillary under the microscope?

Back 53

post-capillary venules

Front 54

what function of the veins does the longitudinal smooth muscle allow?

Back 54

blood storage

Front 55

what kind of cells are Purkinje fibers?

Back 55

modified cardiac muscle cells

Front 56

are lymphatics strong or weak vessels?

Back 56

very weak