Cto 9: Cartilage And Bone

Front 1

general functions of cartilage

Back 1

structural support of soft tissues
shock absorption in joints
reduce friction between joint sufraces
role in growth and development of long bones

Front 2

mature cells in cartilage that secrete extracellular matrix

Back 2

chondrocytes

Front 3

where chondrocytes are found

Back 3

lacunae (cavities in cartilage)

Front 4

makes up 95% of cartilage volume

Back 4

ECM

Front 5

predominant matrix components in cartilage

Back 5

collagen and proteogylcans

Front 6

how is most cartilage nourished?

Back 6

relies on diffusion from vessels in the adjacent CT (perichondrium)

Front 7

how is articular cartilage nourished?

Back 7

the synovial fluid provides what?
for this particular type of cartilage?

Front 8

this type of cartilage has no perichondrium

Back 8

articular cartilage

Front 9

chondroblasts are derived from

Back 9

mesenchymal cells

Front 10

chondrocytes

Back 10

chondroblasts that have surounded themselves in matrix

Front 11

lacunae

Back 11

little champers filled with matrix in which chondrocytes reside

Front 12

perichondreum

Back 12

outer layer surrounding most cartilage

Front 13

appositional growth of cartilage results from

Back 13

inactive fibroblasts on perichondrium become chondroblasts and add to the surface of the existing cartilage

Front 14

interstitial growth of cartilage

Back 14

division of chondrocytes and deposition of more matrix

Front 15

isogenous groups

Back 15

"cell nests" multiple chondrocytes in one lacuna

Front 16

most common type of cartilage

Back 16

hyaline

Front 17

principle components hyaline cartilage matrix

Back 17

type II collagen
proteoglycans
chondronectin

Front 18

locations where Hyaline cartilage is found

Back 18

articular surfaces of moveable joints
ends of ribs
respiratory passages (larynx, trachea, bronchi)

Front 19

forms epiphyseal plates of growing long bones

Back 19

hyaline cartilage

Front 20

elastic cartilage

Back 20

similar to hyaline cartilage with the addition of elastic fibers

Front 21

cartilage found in areas requiring flexible support

Back 21

elastic cartilage

Front 22

areas where elastic cartilage is found

Back 22

auricle of ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis

Front 23

color of elastic cartilage

Back 23

yellow color due to elastin

Front 24

fibrocartilage

Back 24

combo of hyalin cartilage and dense CT

Front 25

primariy fiber type in Fibrocartilage

Back 25

type I collagen

Front 26

ares where fibrocartilage is found

Back 26

flexible strength, intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, articular discs, menisci of knee

Front 27

arrangement of cells in fibrocartilage

Back 27

chondrocytes are in rows, there is no perichondrium

Front 28

osteoarthritis

Back 28

impaired cartilage function due too poor regenerative capacity

Front 29

when can cartilage not be regenerated?

Back 29

if injury is not adjacent to the perchondrium
if wound is large

Front 30

what forms scar when cartilage is injured and not regenerated?

Back 30

dense CT forms scar when...

Front 31

can affect synovial joint function in aged cartilage

Back 31

degenerative calcification

Front 32

general functions of bone

Back 32

support and attachment sites for soft tissues
protects vital organs
site of hematopoieses (formation of blood cells) is bone marrow
provides a reservoir of calcium and phosphate

Front 33

classification criteria for mature bone

Back 33

architecture (compact or spongy(cancellous))
shape (long, short, flat, irregular)

Front 34

epiphysis

Back 34

exbanded end of long bone with articular cartilage

Front 35

diaphysis

Back 35

shaft of long bone

Front 36

epiphyseal line

Back 36

remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth area in young bones)

Front 37

periosteum

Back 37

covering of outer bone surface with outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer (containing osteoprogenitor cells)

Front 38

Sharpey's fibers

Back 38

collagen fibers from periosteum that penetrate the mineralized bone matrix, especially in areas where Ligaments and Tendons attach

Front 39

endosteum

Back 39

line all internal spaces of bone (single layer of bone-lining and osteoprogenitor cells)

Front 40

osteoblasts

Back 40

found on the surfaces of bone tissue
synthesize organic components of bone matrix
differentiate into osteocytes

Front 41

organic components of bone matrix

Back 41

Type I collagen
proteoglycans
gylcoproteins

Front 42

osteocytes

Back 42

mature cells found within the lacunae of the bone matrix

have processes that communicated with oterh cells via canaliculi

Front 43

canaliculi

Back 43

channels in bone that allow osteocyte processes to facilitate communication with otehr cells

Front 44

osteoclasts

Back 44

multinucleated cells
function in bone reapsorption
lie within Howship's lacunae

Front 45

Howship's lacunae

Back 45

depressions in which osteoclasts reside also know as "resporption bays"

Front 46

what are osteoprogenitor cells
where are they primarily found?

Back 46

stem cells from which osteoblasts and osteocytes derive

found in periosteum and endosteum

Front 47

Organic Bone Matrix components

Back 47

fibers: Type I collagen
Ground Substance: structural gylcoproteins

Front 48

Inorganic Component of Bone Matrix

Back 48

bone mineral
hydroxyapatite-like material (mostly Ca and Phosphate)

Front 49

mineralized bone matrix only allows what kind of bone growth?

Back 49

appositional bone growth

Front 50

first bone tissue that is produced (or sometimes as a result of disease)

Back 50

woven (immature, primary bone)

Front 51

wove bone characteristics

Back 51

non-lamellar, random weave

Front 52

woven bone is usually replaced by

Back 52

lamellar bone

Front 53

osteoblasts secrete what?

Back 53

osteoid

Front 54

osteoid

Back 54

organic component of bone matrix

Front 55

what triggers the deposition of inorganic matrix on the collage network

Back 55

alkaline phosphatase-rich matrix vesicles

Front 56

mineralization of matrix may take how long?

Back 56

several months

Front 57

lamellar bone

Back 57

(mature, secondary) laid out in well-defined layers

Front 58

lamella of compact bone

Back 58

inner and outer circumferential lamella
concentric lamellae forming the walls of the osteons

Front 59

interstitial lamellae

Back 59

remnants of former osteons, may be found amist current osteons

Front 60

osteocytes within an osteon are connected to eachother by

Back 60

cellular bridges that run through bony canliculi, which are in continuity with the haversion canal

Front 61

where the blood supply to the osteon runs

Back 61

haversion canal

Front 62

volkman's canals

Back 62

lateral connections among the haversion canals

Front 63

cancellous bone differs from compact in that...

Back 63

osteons are absent in which type of bone?

Front 64

Elastic Cartilage
Type II + elastic fibers
(external Ear)

Back 64

What type of tissue is shown here?

Front 65

developing hyaline cartilage

Back 65

What is this tissue?

Front 66

trabeculae, developing bone

Back 66

What is the structure indicated by the arrow? What kind of tissue is it made of?

Front 67

mesenchyme (embryonic CT) surrounding developing bone (intramembranous ossification- because bone is not replacing exiciting cartilage)

Back 67

What is lighter staining tissue surrounding the darker staining pink structures?

Front 68

osteoblast

Back 68

What type of cell is indicated by arrow?

Front 69

osteocyte

Back 69

What type of cell is indicated by arrow?

Front 70

Osteoid- thin layer of unmineralized matrix

Back 70

Non-staining region in upper right corner of micrograph (hint- osteoblasts are lined up just above region)

Front 71

epiphyses- hyaline cartilage

Back 71

What is the region indicated by the arrow?

Front 72

metaphyseal region (or osteogenic zone) of developing bone-
endochondral bone formation is occuring there: lamellae of new bone deposited on remnants of calcified cartilage

Back 72

what does the arrow indicate? what is taking place there?

Front 73

developing compact bone (taken from a picture of the cortex of a diaphysis)

Back 73

What type of tissue is in the top part of this slide?

Front 74

metaphyseal region marked by hypertrophy of the chondrocytes , the calcification of their matrix (evidenced by the more deeply basophilic staining), and the deposition of eosinophilic bone material over the remnants of calcified cartilage matrix (towards right)

Back 74

what region is indicated by arrow?
what is happening?

Front 75

calcified cartilage matrix

Back 75

what is the purple tissue indicated by arrow?

Front 76

chndrocytes
hypertrophy and death

Back 76

What type of cells are these? What is happening?

Front 77

bone material, deposited on purple calcified cartilage matrix

Back 77

What is the pink tissue indicated by arrow?

Front 78

osteoblast, laying down woven bone on calcified cartilage matrix

Back 78

What is the cell indicated by arrow? What is it doing?

Front 79

woven bone

Back 79

what type of tissue predominates (and is indicated by arrow)

Front 80

Resting Zone (reserve cartilage zone)

Back 80

What is the zone indicated by arrow?

Front 81

Zone of proliferation

Back 81

What zone is shown in lower left part of slide?

Front 82

the zone of maturing cartilage where cell size increases and the cells begin to arrange themselves in columns

Back 82

What zone is shown here?

Front 83

zone of hypertrophy and calcification in which the chondrocytes grow greatly in size, die, and their surrounding matrix becomes calcified (deeply basophilic)

Back 83

What zone is shown in the bottom left region?

Front 84

Metaphyseal (Osteogenic) Zone- where bone tissue is laid down upon spicules of calcified cartilage matrix.

Back 84

What zone is shown here?

Front 85

Woven bone with osteoblasts forming edosteum on the right

Back 85

what is the tissue indicated by the arrow? what is the region to the right?

Front 86

Periosteum (woven bone to right)

Back 86

What is the arrow point to? What is to the right?

Front 87

osteoclast is a large, multinucleated cell with noticeably eosinophilic cytoplasm. Often times, but not apparent in this image, they may be found in a depression in the bone surface known as a resorption bay or Howship's lacunae. The remnants of calcified cartilage matrix seen here are a sure indication that the bone seen in this image if forming by endochondral ossification.

Back 87

What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?

Front 88

2ndary ossificaiton center, developing in the epiphysis- invasion of the epiphyseal cartilage by blood vessels and perivascular connective tissue elements containing osteoprogenitor and other cells is the first step in the development of the secondary ossification center.

Back 88

What is developing in the circle region? Where is this region located?

Front 89

endosteum along edge of woven (immature, primary) bone

Back 89

What is indicated by the arrow?

Front 90

lammelar (mature, secondary) bone

Back 90

what is shown in running horiz/diag in this slide

Front 91

metaphyseal bone, epiphyseal cartilage visible in upper left, epiphyseal bone (NOT SHOWN) would be exterior to that

Back 91

what tissue predominates in slide? What is the tissue visible in upper left?

Front 92

epiphyseal bone, epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate), and beginning of transition into developing metaphyseal bone

Back 92

What are the 3 layers here from top left to bottom right?

Front 93

the very thin zone of reserve cartilage. When this population of cells is exhausted and replaced by bone tissue, the bone can no longer growth in length at this site. This is known as closure of the epiphysis.

Back 93

what zone of cartilage is shown here? why is it significant?

Front 94

marrow within spaces of immature cancellous bone

Back 94

what is shown in the circular spaces? what are the surrounding structures?

Front 95

a portion of the zygapophyseal joint between successive vertebra, with the articular surfaces being covered by hyaline cartilage.

Back 95

the space indicated is part of what?

Front 96

the resorption cavity as evidence of bone remodeling.

Back 96

What does this space tell you about the surrounding tissue?

Front 97

Haversion canal

Back 97

What is indicated by arrow?

Front 98

osteon

Back 98

what is the structure demarcated by the circle?

Front 99

lacunae housing the shrunken remains of osteocytes.

Back 99

arrow indicates what?

Front 100

Volksman's Canal- connects Haversion systems

Back 100

What is this?

Front 101

lacunae with canaliculi (which in life would contain cellular processes interconnecting neighboring osteocytes, are visualized here as the black 'tentacles' radiating from the lacunar spaces)

Back 101

What is shown here?