Ct First Test Study Review

Front 1

Five Traditional Branches of Philosophy

Back 1

Metaphysics

Epistemology

Logic

Ethics

Aesthetics

Front 2

Branch of philosophy concerned with the fundamental nature of reality, or being.

Back 2

Metaphysics

Front 3

Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of knowlege

Back 3

Epistemology

Front 4

Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of argument

Back 4

Logic

Front 5

Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of right and wrong, good and bad.

Back 5

Ethics

Front 6

Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of sensory and emotional perceptions, and their related values.

Back 6

Aesthetics

Front 7

Greek philosophers who predate Socrates, who first attempted to answer metaphysical questions independently of mytho-religious explanations.

Back 7

Pre-Socratic Philosophers

Front 8

"First" philosopher of Greece; he believed that the world originated in water and that water is the principle substance of existence.

Back 8

Thales of Miletus

Front 9

"One cannot step into the same river twice." Fire & Flux: The world is always changing.

Back 9

Heraclitus of Ephesus

Front 10

Being is one. All of nature is static and unchanging.

Back 10

Parmenides of Elea

Front 11

Fundamental nature of the cosmos is number.

Back 11

Pythagoras of Samos

Front 12

First to teach "wisdom" for a fee.
Taught Rhetoric.

Were relativists.

Shifted the focus of Philosophy from metaphysics to human culture.

Back 12

5th Century BCE Sophists

Front 13

"Man is the measure of all things: of that which exists, that it exists; and of that which does not exist, that it does not exist." Reality depends on the human mind.

He was a Relativist

Back 13

Protagoras of Abdera

Front 14

Wrote "On Nature, or the Non-Existent"

Argues that nothing exists.

Often described as the first nihilist - there are no inherent values.

Back 14

Gorgias of Leontini

Front 15

Might makes right -- Justice is the virtue of the strong.

Back 15

Thrasymachus of Chalcedon

Front 16

Reductio ad Absurdum

Back 16

Take it to absurdity to check for fallacious or contradictory consequences.

Front 17

Self- Refuting claims

Back 17

Its truth implies its own falsehood.

Front 18

Socrates

Back 18

The Socratic Method

Wisdom is found when you accept that you don't know everything, and that you are fallible.

The apology - His trial

Front 19

Plato

Back 19

Through his writings we know about Socrates

Founded the Academy

Student of Socrates

Theory of Forms

Front 20

Aristotle

Back 20

Student of Plato

Taught Alexander the Great

First to organize principles of logic

Wrote Nichomachean Ethics

Front 21

Law of Identity

Back 21

P is P

Everything is identical to itself and only itself

Front 22

Law of Non-Contradiction

Back 22

No claim can be both true and false at the same time.

Nothing can both have a property and lack it

No event can occur and not occur at the same time

~(P&~P)

Front 23

The Law of Excluded Middle

Back 23

Every claim that can be true or false is either true or false.

P or ~P

Front 24

Physical Impossibility

Back 24

Violates the laws of nature

Front 25

Logical Impossibility

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A thing is logically impossible if it violates the laws of logic.

Can not be thought about

Front 26

Begging the Question

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An argument that controversially assumes the conclusion in one of its premises.

Front 27

Argumentum ad ignorantiam

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Appeal to ignorance: Assuming that a claim must be true if it cannot be proven false.

Front 28

Ataraxia

Back 28

Tranquility of mind

Front 29

Important Cynics

Back 29

Antisthenes

Diogenes

Front 30

Ancient Cynicism Advocated Happiness through:

(5 things)

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A simple life of self-sufficiency.

Behavior in accordance with nature

A rejection of societal conventions and desires

An indifference to material wealth and reputation

Cosmopolitan identification as a citizen of the world.

Front 31

Epircureanism (5 Things)

Back 31

Founded by Epicurus

Hedonistic

Materialistic / Naturalistic Philosophy

Life is naturally pleasurable

A life of pleasure is achieved by avoiding distressing destractions

Front 32

Stoicism (8 things)

Back 32

Founded by Zeno

Apathia: Dispassionate state of mind

Thrived during the Roman Empire

Egalitarian Philosophy

Develops innovative approaches to logic.

Teaches that the Cosmos is orchestrated by the Logos.

Advocates Cosmopolitanism

Idealizes the Cosmopolis.

Front 33

Ancient Skepticism's two branches

Back 33

Academic Skepticism

Pyrrhonianism

Front 34

Pyrrhonianism (6 Things)

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We don't know that we don't know

Skeptical philosophy born in the first century BCE

Founded by Aenesidemus

Named after Pyrrho

Advocated Ataraxia via suspension of judgement

Taught that knowledge requires certainty

Front 35

Academic Skeptics (3 things)

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Advocated the possibility of probable knowledge

Carried on the tradition of the Platonic Academy

Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero is the most famous source of information on the Academic Skeptics.

Front 36

The Five Tropes of Agrippa

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1. Disagreement

2. Subjectivity

3. Assumption

4. Infinite Regress

5. Circularity

Front 37

Agrippa's Trilemma

Back 37

Unwanted assertion

Infinite regress

Circularity

Front 38

Descartes

Back 38

Mathematician and Philosopher

I think, therefore I am (Cogito ergo sum)

Philosophical rationalist

Front 39

Cogito Ergo Sum

Back 39

I think, therefore I am

Front 40

Rationalism

Back 40

Epistemological view emphasizing reason as a source of knowledge

Front 41

Empiricism

Back 41

Epistemological view emphasizing experience as a source of knowledge