Ct Exam 1

Front 1

design-bid-build

Back 1

design & construction in 2 phases
architect hired to make documents to coordinate construction called "legal tender"

Front 2

legal tender

Back 2

construction coordination documents purchased by the owner as part of a contract--> binds architect to terms

Front 3

design build

Back 3

for simpler projects, owner seeks both design and construction from one source

Front 4

construction manager

Back 4

coordinates/oversees all aspects of project-hiring architect, consultants and builders

Front 5

Fast track

Back 5

construction begins before design is finished

Front 6

cradle to grave

Back 6

something is reprocessed/repurposed instead of going to a landfill

Front 7

embodied energy

Back 7

the amount of energy used to produce the product (mining, digging, creating, transporting)

steel is most ______ bc it uses tons of water and electricity

Front 8

LEED

Back 8

leadership in energy and environmental design
sustainability checklist

Front 9

Net zero energy

Back 9

produce more/equal energy than it uses

Front 10

occupancy group
A(1-5)

Back 10

assembly (theater, church, terminal, clubs, restaurants, lecture halls)

Front 11

occupancy group
B

Back 11

business

Front 12

occupancy group
E

Back 12

educational

Front 13

occupancy group
F (1,2)

Back 13

factory/ industrial (moderate and low)

Front 14

occupancy group
H (1-5)

Back 14

hazardous (detonation,deflagration,physical health)

Front 15

occupancy group
I (1-4)

Back 15

Institutional (residential, incapacitated, restrained)

Front 16

occupancy group
M

Back 16

Mercantile

Front 17

occupancy group
R (1-4)

Back 17

residential (hotels, multi-family, 1+2 family & multiple single family)

Front 18

occupancy group
S (1,2)

Back 18

storage (moderate and low)

Front 19

occupancy group
U

Back 19

utility

Front 20

occupancy groups

Back 20

use of building

Front 21

construction type

Back 21

determined by the International Build Code (IBC)

depends on fire resistance in hrs of specific components of construction assembly that provide structure & fire separation

Front 22

construction type
Type 1 (A+B)

Back 22

non combustible/protected
-concrete, masonry, fire protected steel
most fire resistant

Front 23

construction type
Type 2 (A+B)

Back 23

non combustible, protected/unprotected
-combos of steel,concrete precast, masonry
less fire resistant bc structural parts

Front 24

construction type
Type 4 (A+B)

Back 24

combustible/non combustible
heavy timber as main structure
hybrid

Front 25

construction type
Type 3(A+B)

Back 25

combustible/non combustible
combos of wood, steel, masonry, pre cast
hybrid

Front 26

construction type
Type 5 (A+B)

Back 26

combustible protected/unprotected
light wood frame
least resistant

Front 27

Fire resistance rating

Back 27

measured in hours, how long it takes for building to fail

Front 28

ADA

Back 28

Americans with Disabilities Act

Front 29

OSHA

Back 29

Occupational Safety & Health Act
workers rules & regulations for job sites

Front 30

ASTM

Back 30

American Society for Testing and Materials

Front 31

CSA

Back 31

Canadian Standards Association

Front 32

ANSI

Back 32

American National Standards Institute

Front 33

CSI

Back 33

Construction Specification Institute (produces master format spec)

Front 34

Specifications

Back 34

ASTM & masterformat

Front 35

Shop drawings

Back 35

produced by fabricators
detailed with dimensions

Front 36

Building constraints

Back 36

availability of land, availability of workforce, environmental conditions, infrastructure, climate, available technologies, soil conditions, structural spans, availability of materials, laws, BC & regulations

Front 37

Zoning

Back 37

what can be built where
protects the quality of life (no schools next to factories) and controls density

Front 38

Zoning Ordinances

Back 38

types of building uses/activities, area of building, setbacks from property lines, # parking spots, total Floor Area permissible (FAR), building height, non combustible construction

Front 39

Building code intent

Back 39

protect public health and safety by setting a minimum standard of construction quality

Front 40

early means of fire protection

Back 40

clay tiles, concrete, plaster over structural assemblies

Front 41

What are 3 requirements for a successful foundation?

Back 41

1-The foundation & underling rock/soil must be safe against a structural failure 2-foundation must not settle such a way to damage structure of building 3- foundation must be feasible economically & technically & should not cause damage to surrounding structures

Front 42

Differential settlement

Back 42

worst settlement
differential forces exerted on structure which can result failure (zigzag)

Front 43

Uniform settlement

Back 43

even around the building is designed for, wherein the building settles evenly

Front 44

dead loads

Back 44

weight of the frame, floor, walls, ceilings, materials, electrical & mechanical equipment and foundation

Front 45

live loads

Back 45

people, furnishing, equipment, snow, ice, roof water

Front 46

wind loads

Back 46

cause lateral downward & uplift forces upon a structure

Front 47

soil type
Rock

Back 47

continuous mass of solid mineral matter such as granite or limestone which must be drilled or blasted
strongest & most stable material to place building on

Front 48

soil types
soil

Back 48

any sub ground material that is in the form of:
boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, silt or clay
soils are never homogeneous

Front 49

soil testing

Back 49

samples taken to represent condition of site
test for bearing compacity, permeability & liquid plastic limits
digging-shallow, boring-deep

Front 50

strength of soils in order from strongest to weakest

Back 50

bedrock, gravel, sand, clay, silt, organic material

Front 51

soil report

Back 51

given to arch/engineer--> foundations are then designed according to estimated total load of requirements of building

Front 52

excavation shoring

Back 52

site is prepared and made safe for permanent construction of foundations
temporary/permanent structure needed to hold earth

Front 53

excavation sheeting

Back 53

provides a safe work zone for foundation construction using some kind of brace

Front 54

bracing- crosslot

Back 54

beams go across entire excavated area (like grid)

Front 55

bracing- rakers

Back 55

angled beams put in to hold back earth

Front 56

bracing- tie backs

Back 56

most preferable because of mobility and site access
technique of bracing sheeting systems against soil and water pressure

Front 57

Soldier beams

Back 57

vertical posts for excavating

Front 58

lagging

Back 58

horizontal boards for excavating

Front 59

sheet piling

Back 59

material driven into earth by force, creates continuous wall of interlocking segments
soil is excavated after piling driven into place
temporary or permanent

Front 60

slurry wall

Back 60

permanent excavation system
"clamshell" bucket follows concrete guide to dig trench, trench is dug to required depth through slurry (this retains earth), reinforcing steel lowered into trench, concrete pumped in slurry pumped out, after concrete cured, earth excavated and tiebacks are drilled

Front 61

dewatering

Back 61

keep excavation sites dry when excavation is carried out below the water table

Front 62

What is the liquid limit of a soil?

Back 62

the water content at which the soil passes from a liquid state

Front 63

What is the plastic limit of a soil?

Back 63

the water content at which the soil loses its plasticity and begins to behave as a solid

Front 64

Substructure

Back 64

part of the building that rests on the foundation
(below ground)

Front 65

superstructure

Back 65

above ground portion of building

Front 66

shallow foundations

Back 66

transfers load to the earth at the base of the column or wall of the substructure

Front 67

deep foundation

Back 67

penetrate through layers of upper "incompetent" soil in order to transfer loads to competent bearing soil/bedrock below

Front 68

Footings

Back 68

spreads the load of a structural wall or column into the ground

Front 69

slab

Back 69

a thin footing that distributes smaller loads to the perimeter

Front 70

caissons

Back 70

drilled, deep foundation
permanent supports

Front 71

pile

Back 71

driven, deep foundation
create pressure bulbs in unstable soil--> pile fields

Front 72

underpinning

Back 72

way to repair foundation, very expensive
add extra supports to existing foundation

Front 73

backfilling

Back 73

after you excavate to build a structure, go back and fill in holes around the foundation

Front 74

concrete make up

Back 74

aggregates (gravel/crushed stone, sand), portland cement, clean water, admixtures (performance enhancing ingredients)

Front 75

portland cement

Back 75

clinker mixed with gypsum to retard curing and ground up again

Front 76

clinker

Back 76

limestone, clay/shale and other raw materials ground up, proportioned, blended (wet or dry) and burned

Front 77

aggregates

Back 77

3/4 concrete mixture, small/light pieces of mixed minerals like shale

Front 78

curing

Back 78

setting and hardening of concrete by hydration

Front 79

hydration

Back 79

chemical reaction referring to what happens when water meets concrete
~28 days, must be kept moist during curing

Front 80

4 rules for making high quality concrete?

Back 80

1 use clean, sound, properly sized ingredients, 2 mix ingredients in proper proportions, handle wet concrete properly to avoid segregating, cure concrete under controlled conditions

Front 81

what is the compressive strength of concrete needed for shallow foundations?

Back 81

as low as 2000psi

Front 82

what is the compressive strength of concrete needed for columns needed in high rise building?

Back 82

as high as 22000 psi

Front 83

How does the water/cement ratio affect the strength and surface quality of the concrete that is produced?

Back 83

More water than concrete is needed for the curing, need concrete mix to flow through pumps,
the less water the denser and stronger the concrete will be

Front 84

air entraining

Back 84

bubbles in concrete makes it easier/lighter to work with

Front 85

admixtures

Back 85

performance enhancing chemicals or controlling ingredients

Front 86

slump test

Back 86

test concrete consistency, concrete put in mold, flipped upside down and allowed to fall under its own weight, distance moves is measured

Front 87

W-C ratio

Back 87

strength of concrete is dependent on cement to water ratio

Front 88

formwork

Back 88

forms used for shaping concrete, must be strong enough to support weight of wet concrete and itself
made of wood,metal or plastic, holds reinforcing bars in place

Front 89

formwork ties

Back 89

bind the formwork securely together and provide strength to resist the weight and pressure of the concrete when poured

Front 90

reinforcing bars

Back 90

come in diameter sizes at 1/8", made of steel,
place the steel in the concrete where there are tensile forces

Front 91

stirrup

Back 91

carry diagonal tension

Front 92

post tensioning

Back 92

done on site

Front 93

pre tensioning

Back 93

done off site

Front 94

camber

Back 94

mild arc

Front 95

one way system

Back 95

only 2 lines of parallel support and a single load path in one direction (column lines or walls) (ex. ribbed, solid slab with bands, skip joist)

Front 96

two way system

Back 96

involves support working in 2 directions and load traveling in 2 directions (ex. waffle, solid slab, drop panels, flat plate)

Front 97

ribbed slab

Back 97

thick beam in center (at column line) and ribs coming off it
repetitive steel pans (1 way)

Front 98

waffle slab

Back 98

joisted system with column head

Front 99

mushroom column

Back 99

2 way system, column with flat slab at top

Front 100

slab band

Back 100

thick, flat bands

Front 101

slab on grade

Back 101

footings needed by little or no foundation is poured

Front 102

flying formwork

Back 102

sections of floor are poured using formwork mounted to large steel trusses, reused for each floor

Front 103

tilt up construction

Back 103

cast on ground then raised up into position (usually used for 2 story structures)

Front 104

sheeting

Back 104

excavation prevent soil from caving during digging

Front 105

pile caps

Back 105

used for repair/improvement of existing foundation
transfer loads from building to piles

Front 106

well points

Back 106

pump water out

Front 107

water tight barriers

Back 107

permanent water proofing

Front 108

prestressing concrete

Back 108

(pretension and post tension) reduce compressive forces and increase tensile forces