Ct

Front 1

Justifying explanations

Back 1

answer why

Front 2

non-justifying explanations

Back 2

answer how

Front 3

valid argument

Back 3

if the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false

Front 4

sound argument

Back 4

premises (and conclusion) are all true

Front 5

strong argument

Back 5

if the premises are true, it is unlikely for the conclusion to be false

Front 6

standard

Back 6

gives the meaning as it is currently used

Front 7

functional

Back 7

define a term by stating its main function

Front 8

operational

Back 8

defines a word by giving a test/procedure to determine if the word applies in a given case or not

Front 9

analytical

Back 9

sums up the most important features common to all objects referred to by the term

Front 10

stipulative

Back 10

stipulates a specific meaning for a specific context

Front 11

persuasice

Back 11

does not attempt to give the meaning of the word, so much as it attempts to influence the attitudes of readers in a calculated way

Front 12

negative terms

Back 12

specifying what an object is no rather than what it is

Front 13

circular

Back 13

when the word defined shows up in the definition also

Front 14

too broad

Back 14

actual reference is much larger than the intended reference

Front 15

too narrow

Back 15

the actual reference is much smaller than the intended reference

Front 16

begging the question

Back 16

assuming what you are trying to prove

Front 17

personal attack

Back 17

ignoring the argument and directing one's attack against the author of the argument

Front 18

genetic fallacy

Back 18

concluding a belief is false because of the way it originated

Front 19

argument from ignorance

Back 19

something is false or true because we don't know if it is or not

Front 20

Masses

Back 20

something is true by appeal to the majority

Front 21

authority

Back 21

appealing to an authority as the final (or only) reason for accepting a conclusion rather than arguments and evidence

Front 22

hasty generalization

Back 22

drawing general conclusions from too little evidence

Front 23

complex question

Back 23

asking a question with hidden assumptions so that if answered straightforwardly, one is committed to these assumptions

Front 24

equivocation

Back 24

using one than more meaning for the same word

Front 25

composition

Back 25

concluding that a whole has a property because all its parts do

Front 26

division

Back 26

concluding that all parts have a property because the whole does

Front 27

false dilemma

Back 27

creating an either/or scenario when more options are possible

Front 28

appeal to emotion

Back 28

appealing to some emotion (pity) instead of reason

Front 29

straw man

Back 29

misrepresentation of an opponent's view that is easy to refute

Front 30

red herring

Back 30

an unrelated issue used to distract attention from the main issue

Front 31

a weak argument has

Back 31

inconsistent, inconclusive, or irrelevant evidence and/or contradictions, poor reasoning, or missing pieces

Front 32

moderately strong

Back 32

relevant premises, but some pieces may weaken the argument. perhaps missing info or not taking everything into context

Front 33

strong argument

Back 33

relevant premises, strong supporting data, draws logical conclusion given the premises