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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three major themes of the oregon plan
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restore
repair recreate |
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what is the oregon equation
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children, economy, and environment
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what does the repair portion include, what does it assume
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it assumes that something is broken
includes repairing dams to accomodate for fish, the riparian zone, temperature, pollution |
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TMDL
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Total Maximum Daily Load
maximum daily load of a given pollutant into the water created by the clean water act |
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What has been done to repair the willamette?
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NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permits (polluter pays system)
TMDLs Portland Harbor Superfund Clean up black butte mine reducing nitrate |
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What are some assumptions with the restore part of the oregon plan
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that something has changed
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what are examples of what is being done on the willamette to restore the river
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agencies are proecting and reestablishing riparian vegetation, wetland, and floodplains
maintaining in stream flows to protect fish habitat |
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The willamette river has 303d violations for what 3 things
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bacteria
nitrate temperature |
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what are existing heat sources on the willamette?
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solar radiation, which becomes more intense as riparian areas are degraded
point discharge of warm wastewater non point deforestation activities impounding and diverting river water |
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what is the purpose of TDMLs
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protect the benficial uses of water in Oregon that are sensitive to temperature
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Definition of policy
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1. a definite course of action adopted for the sake of expediency, facility, etc.
2. a course of action adopted and pursued by a government, ruler, political party, etc. 3. action or procedure conforming to or considered with reference to prudence or expediency Bottom line: all contain action |
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how much of the worlds water is in ocean? fresh?
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ocean 97 fresh 3
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where is freshwater store
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-frozen 77
-groundwater 22 -lakes rivers and streams 1 |
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what percentage of freshwater is readily available to humans
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0.007%
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which continent has the largest withdrawl of water
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asia
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what is the amount of water calculated to meet basic needs
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1000 m3/yr
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What does most of the water used for basic needs go towards?
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90% towards making/producing food
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what country uses the most water per person
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US
Why? bc water is cheap |
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what is the core of international policy
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agenda setting and looking at the big picture
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What are water value positions (4)
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-rights based
-needs based -economic good -variety of uses/common good (integrated resource management) |
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standing
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having the legal right to intitate a lawsuit when a right is violated
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What is the basis of having water as a right
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having standing
obligation to the states to provide consequences if there is failure to provide |
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what is needs based water use founding on
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survival
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what was a significant UN declaration that served as a precedent for water as a human right
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universal declaration of human rights
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what two countries have designated water as a human right
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australia and south africa
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In the 1977 UN Conference on Water, what was the water value?
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It focused on needs based
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Up until the International Conference on Water and the Environment in 1992, what was the main value focus of water?
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needs and rights based
at this conference, economic was the main focus |
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During the 90s what was the main focus on water values in international meetings
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variety of uses, economic, as well as some needs/rights based
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What are the two UN Millenium goals related to water
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Goal 7: 1/2 the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water
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Since the turn of the millenium explain how managing water and water values have evolved at the international planning level
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emphasis has been placed on local management and governance of water, also on fixing water problems at a local level, increasing education, capacity building, integrated water rights management, and financing
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Explain the evolution of human rights and water as a right
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Throughout the 1900s human rights we mainly based upon human treatment, cruel and inhuman punishment, rigiht sof children, and human trafficking
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when did water as a right officially show up in a national consitution
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1994 Bill of Right Constitution in South Africa
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what does water security mean at an international level?
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having enough water to meet the needs of all
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what is needs based water rights based on
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survival
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how are development and the environment linked
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less access to water leads to less development
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what are characteristics of water as an economic good
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if water represents the true cost, then people will conserve to save money
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full cost pricing
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accounts for all costs
projects must pay for themselves and shouldn't be subsidized to lose in the end |
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does a human right to water mean that water has to be free?
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no
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what determines the price of water
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appropriate use (sector) and est scale possilbe (geographic realities)
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what are methods of treating water as an economic good
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block pricing
water markets and water banks privatization or public ownership |
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Names some types of goverance
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international
statewide watershed districts regional councils federal |
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what are some examples of international governance and policies
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bi/tripartisan treaties
human rights law millenium development goals law of non navigational uses of international watercourses customary international law UN general assembly actions world water forums power law |
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customary international law
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laws based upon established patterns of behavior within a social setting, in this case within the UN. These are found through treaties, goals, etc
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examples of customary international law
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international water doctrines
internatioinal treaties millenium goals |
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watercourse
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system of surface and groundwater that are interconnected and convene at a given nexus
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international watercourse
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a watercourse located within the boundaries of multiple states
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transboundary watercourse
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a watercourse that cross through 2 states or passes through a boundary
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absolute territorial sovereignty
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right to use the water without regard to those who are upstream or downstream
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what kind of state would most likely use ATS?
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one that is at the beginning of a watercourse
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absolutely territorial integrity
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uses the water but does not allow it to be used in such a manner that it would damage a co-riparian. It benefits downstream riparians
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limited territorial soverignty
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it is a combination of ATS and ATI
used by middle riparians |
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prior appropriation
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first come, first rights
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community interest
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an international water doctrine that looks as the basin as a hydrologic unit
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equitable and reasonable utilization
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common jurisdiction and allocation
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summarize the Helsinki Law
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equitable and reasonable use
prevention of harm downstream provision for established rights provision for sharing data |
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Summarize what was established in the Law of Non Navigational Use of International Watercourse
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equitable and reasonable manner
prevent harm to others requirement to exchange information between states |
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Explain the water issues at the tigris euphrates
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Turkey, which is AST, has built a dam at the river, cutting off some flow from Iraq and Syria.
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how does withdrawing from the Eurphates in Turkey affect other countries
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affects synrian hydropower, irrigation, domestic and municipal water operations
affects irrigation, hydropower, and domestic use |
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how does withdrawing from the tigris in turkey affect other countries
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reduces flow to iraq and particularly affects the kurds
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how has syria gained leverage in getting water from turkey
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sending terrorist groups into the boarder
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code of hammurabi
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1750 BC a man has to pay for any water flooded into the field of his neighbor
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justinian code
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judge made laws
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Riparian Doctrine/Common Law of Water
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water in a stream belongs to the public for navigation
riparian owners may make reasonable use of the water so long as it does not injur riparians that are downstream return diverted water unchanged in quality or quantity |
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spanish water law
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water couldn't be diverted for agricultural use without permission from the crown
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how does an international river get divided up
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50:50 at the thalwag
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what are the 3 main principles of the non navigational watercourse treaty
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reasonable and equitable use
no harm prior notification |
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how did iraq had leverage to get water from turkey
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oil during the time to hussein
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where do riparian rights extend to
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center of the stream
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can riparians divert water to anotherbasin
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no
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explain the significance of the 100th meridian
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divides the water precipiation in the US
west is drier than east separates two types of dominant water doctrines |
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what is the dominant doctrine east of the meridian
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riparian law
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what is the dominant doctrine west of the meridian
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prior appropriation
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what are the key principles of riparian doctrine as practiced in the US today
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reasonable use and no harm
correlative rights-no priority to use and riparians share total flow based upon percentage of the waterfront owned along the stream |
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prior appropriation
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began at gold rush
first come first serve amount that can be used is based upon historical quantity use it or lose it policy |
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what is a problem with prior appropriation
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historical quanitities may not be reflective of current quantitites
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explain the role of the US Army Corps in water policy
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1899 RHA- control all construction that has the potential to harm navigation on navigable waters of the US
Flood Control Act-control dams on Miss CWA- control the discharge of dredged or fill material into the waters of the US-quality monitoring |
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Explain the role ofes the Bureau of Reclamation in water policy
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works primarily in water allocation in the West
develops irrigation projects to promote settling in the west |
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explain the role of USGS in water policy
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flood prediction and modeling
water supply forecasting and management montioring water quality compliance with international treaties water rights adjudication mapping of major aquifers |
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explain the role of FWS in water policy
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cooperate with EPA to promote ESA
Protect, conserve, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants, and their habitats |
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Explain the role of the EPA
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power to enforce environmental laws
water pollution control cwa NEPA |
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summarize the CWA
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-creates permits for discharges NPDES
-protects lakes, rivers, estuaries, and wetlands -controls the discharge of dredged materials |
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safe water drinking act
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created the source water protection program
created federal standards for drinking water |
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what two majors acts preceded the CWA
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RHA
Fed Water Pollution Control Act |
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Clean Water Restoration Act
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amended the CWA to change "navigable waters" to "waters of the united states"
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what are waters of the US
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all waters subject to the ebb and flow of the
tide, the territorial seas, and all interstate and intrastate waters and their tributaries, including lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, natural ponds, and all impoundments of the foregoing |
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discharge that is not affected bythe CWRA
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-agricultural run off
-stormwater from oil, gas, and mining -dredge and fill from farming, silviculture, etc -managing structures like dams |
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explain the role of the national park service in water policy
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they have federally owned rights to water
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what role does ferc play in water policy
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they use permitting of dams to implement ESA
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what role dose the national marine fisheries service place in water policy
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protection of marine mammals in us
protection and reintroductin of salmon in pnw |
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explain oregon's principles in prior appropriation
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-water belongs to the public
-any right to water is assigned by the state -water use follows the prior appropriation system that the older gets priority over newer -permits issued for beneficial use, without waste |
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what are some consequences of oregon's prior appropriation
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if the older owner wants to use it, then the newer has to stop
use it or lose it water rights are tied to land rights |
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what are 3 ways that water policy is implemented in the US
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-command and control
-local control and stakeholder participation -techno fixes |
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give an example of command and control
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EPA inspecting and giving out fines
NPDES permits |
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give an example of local control and stakeholder involvement
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empowering indiv to care about their watersheds
watershed councils education |
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give an example of techno fixes
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dams having fish ladders
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rule of capture
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if you own land, you own the water beneath you
ex of ATS no restrictions |
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NRCS uses what method of policy implementation?
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local control and stakeholder involvement
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US Army Corp, what type of implementation?
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command and control
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FERC implementation?
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command and control through permitting
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NMFS implementation?
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techno fixes
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US FWS implementation
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command and control permit
techno fixes |
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what is a "beneficial use"
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the greatest good for the greatest amount of people
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what is the policy of instream flows
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the idea of maintaining a given flow for a river in order to keep the habitat in proper condition
The maintenance of minimum perennial stream flows sufficient to support aquatic life, to minimize pollution, and to maintain recreation values shall be fostered and encouraged… |
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what is the problem with instream flows
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they do not take seasonal flow and species into account
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in india, what is the most profitable industry for water to placed?
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industry
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