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52 Cards in this Set
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Characteristics of AIDS Dementia
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Social Withdrawl
Apathy (psycho) Motor Slowing |
SwAM
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6 Stages of AIDS Dementia
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0 Normal
0.5 Subclinical - no intereference work or ADL 1 Mild - still walk alone 2 Moderate - no work, still walk w/ help, still care for self 3 Severe - Intellectual Incapacity, Cannot follow conversation, news, personal events, needs walker/person 4 End - vegetative, double incontinence, nearly mute |
Normal
Subclinical Mild Moderate Severe (Like LDS) End |
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HD
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Basal Ganglia
GABA depletion Glutamate excitotoxicity |
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Parkinson's Disease
Brain area? Neurotransmitter ? Major Sx |
DA generation
Substantia Nigra BRASS Symtpoms Bradykinesia Ridig Muscles Akathesia Shuffling Gait Shaking |
Grammie's Brass Bell
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Alzheimers
Neurotransmitter Involvement Brain Areas? Early Sx Middle Sx Late Sx |
ACh - trt. w/ Aricept
Early Symptoms < Semantic Memory < Verbal Fluency < Episodic Memory |
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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AKA: Receptive Aphasia
Impressive Aphasia Assoc. w/ Korsakoff's (ETOHism, < Thiamine) -Left Temporal Lobe problems -Post-central gyrus in sensory cortex Do Not Understand: what is said to them their speech is meaningless Speach: Fluent, Gramatically Correct Anomia Unable to repeat what they hear |
Don't understand!
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Broca's "Aphasia"
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Expressive Aphasia
Motor (speech, writing) Expressive Nonfluent Aware of d/o, very Frustrated Unable to repeat Damage to Broca's area of motor cortex |
BM Frustrates Men
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Conduction Aphasia
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AKA - Associative Aphasia
Broca and Wernicke's Areas are separated - can't communicate w/ one another b/c Articulate Fasciculus damaged Sx: Good Comprehension Anomia Unable to Repeat |
Conduction: Comprehend Anomia
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Transcortical Aphasia
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Can REPEAT!
Due to Lesions outside Wernicke's and or Broca's Areas If W's area still understand If Sensory (Wernicke) |
Transcortical Repeat
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In Which Kind of Aphasia are Subjects Able to Repeat:
Wernicke's Broca's Conduction Transcortical |
Transcortical
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Transcortical Repeat
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Korsakoff's Syndrome
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ABCD:
Apathy, Ataxia (lack of Muscle Coordination) Both regrograde and anterograde amnesia Confabulation Don't get there's a problem |
ABCD
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Closed Head Injuries
Sx? Prediction of Recovery Recovery predictors what first what recovers, what doesn't? |
Retrograde Amnesia
Post-Traumatic Anterograde Amnesia (PTA) (if lasts > 1 day, there are usually enduring problems) Severity is prtoportional to duration of PTA, Coma (asses using Glasgow Scale) Cognitive stuff usually gets better, but . . . Personality & Social Changes often last forever If PTA > 1 day, there are usually ongoing cognitive problems Greatest Recovery is in 1st 3 months Most Remote Memories Return First |
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Stroke
Symptoms sx. onset sx if LH sx if RH What happens in the Brain? (causes) Predictors |
Sx onset gradual or sudden
Causes: Thrombosis (blood clot) Embolism (blood flow blocked, e.g. by air bubble) Hemhorrage Risk Factors > 60 diabetes hypertension Dominant Hemisphere (LH) aphasia ideomotor apraxia Nondominant(RH) Contralateral Neglect Can't dress self |
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Migraines
cause precipitants risk factors symptoms treatments |
Cause: constriction/dilation of blood vessels
Precipitants lean forward menstrual changes stress, sometimes stress relief changes in barometric pressure foods w/ tyramine, nitrates, phenylethylamines Treatment biofeedback! Ergots, Sumatriptin, Beta-blockers, SSRI's (act on smooth muscle around cranial blood vessels) |
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REM, brain waves in sleep
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Alpha - Awake, rested relaxed
Theta - fully relaxed Delta - slow, wide waves, deep sleep (Beta=Awake, Alert!) 5 Stages: 1-4 All N-Rem (1 Alpha, 2 Theta, 3 Delta, 4 Delta) REM alpha, some theta, some beta physiologially similar to being awake Sleepwalking Night Terrors |
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Hypnogogic
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going to sleep, paralysis, very vivid dreams
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Hypnopompic
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Waking up, vivid dreams, paralysis
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REM
% of time at different ages Effects of REM deprivation |
newborn 50%
6 months 30 % adult 20 % REM Deprivation difficulty learning new info "REM Rebound" - spend more time in REM to catch up |
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What are the differences in older aldults' sleep as compared w/ younger people
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Older adults need the same amount of sleep, but their internal clocks get adjusted forward (go to bed earlier, wake up earlier, like KDS)
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Weber's Law
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Simple linear relationship between stimulus intensity and the size of the change in intensity needed to produce JND
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Fechner's Law
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Logrithmic relationship between stimulus intensity and size of change needed to produce JND
logs x b =y log 100=2 10 log 8=3 2 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxx xxx xx xx xx x x x |
shape
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Color Blindness
how? 2 types |
Recessive Sex linked on x chromosome
men must get it from father and then from mom even if she's just a carrier women must get one gene from father and one from mother monochromatism - only rods work dichromatism - lack one of the 3 color pigments (red, green, blue) |
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Color Vision - 2 theories
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Trichromatic (retina) (Young & Helmholz)
Retina is source of color vision Has 3 separate kinds of cones, 1 red, 1 blue, 1 green All other colors come from some combo of these Opponent Process Theory (Thalamus) red yellow black green blue white For each pair, there are specific cells excited by one and inhibited by the other (e.g. red excites, green inhibits) Supported by presence of afterimages |
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Thalamus
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color vision
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Hypothalamus
Functions Where does it project? What is SCN? What happens if it's damaged? |
Homeostasis, Sleep/Wake, SAD
Hunger, thirst, sex, body temperature, sleep Projects to Autonomic NS Pituitary Gland Endocrine Glands One part of Hypothalamus is Supracharismatic Nucleus SCN - sleep/wake, circadian rhythms SAD Damage to H. => uncontrolable laughter or rage, aggression |
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Pituitary
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"Master Gland"
controls other body glands involved in growth maturation metabolism |
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Thalamus
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SENSORY RELAY
Relay station for All SENSORY info Except SMell Also involved in motor activity language memory Visual opponent process thought to operate here Damage associated w/ Korsakoff's syndrome |
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HPG axis
Developmental Significance Function in men, women |
Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Hypothalamus stimulates Anterior Pituitary releases gonadotrophic hormones which stimulate Gonads (testes, ovaries) in men = testes: make testasterone make sperm in women = ovaries make estrogen release egg |
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HPA axis
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Hypothalamic
Pituitry Adrenal |
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What are the structures in the Limbic System?
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THACH F
AMYGDALA Emotions! (esp. those related to survival) Motivation Which Memories are stored? (based on emotional reaction) Where are specific Memories stored? Hormonal secretions CINGULATE GYRUS sensory input related to emotions regulation of aggressive B FORNIX Connects hypothalamus to hippocampus HIPPOCAMPUS Memory indexer Transfers memories to specific areas of cortex for LTM Retrieves LTM OLFACTORY CORTEX receives projections directly from olfactory system HEM: hormones emotion memory THALAMUS Sensory relay station (to cortex) for everything EXCEPT SMELL |
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In What functions is the Limbic System Involved?
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Emotion
Memory Eating Sex (Survival Related Functions) Motor Senses Olfaction, esp! |
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Hippocampus
Function? Damage => what? |
LTM
Decides where specific memories are stored in cortex Damage => inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) |
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Amygdala
What happens if there are bilateral lesions to it and to temporal lobes |
Part of Limbic System
emotional responses hormonal secretions memory motivation directs emotionally charged recall Bilateral Lesions to Amygdala and Temporal Lobes => KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME: < fear, aggression > docility > oral activity hypersexuality psychic blindness |
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Basal Ganglia
Functions? What stuctures are involved What diseases is it associated with? |
Functions:
voluntary movement somatic learning facial expression of emotions (cross-cultural ones) Diseases: HD Parkinsons OCD Tourettes (Mania, Depression, Psychosis) Structures: Caudate Putamen Globus Palidus Substantia Nigra |
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Frontal Lobes
Effects of Damage to Prefrontal Cortex Effect(s) of Hypofrontality (low bloodflow) |
Motor Cortex
Premotor Cortex (Broca's area) Prefrontal Areas self-awareness executive functioning emotion Damage to Broca's area: Expressive aphasia (Writing and Speaking) Lesions to Prefrontal Cortex Pseudodepression Pseudopsychopathy Perseveration Deficits in Executive Functioning planning abstract reasoning decision-making temporal order HYPOFRONTALITY assoc. w/ ADHD Schizophrenia |
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Parietal Lobe
Functions Damage |
Somatosensory Cortex
pressure, temp, pain, proprioception, gustation Damage: < spatial orientation apraxia somatosensory agnosia (can't recognize familliar things by touch, taste, etc) asomatognosia (don't recognize own body parts) anosognosia (don't recognize own neurological symptoms) |
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Lesion to Left Parietal Lobe
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Ideomotor apraxia
Ideational apraxia |
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Lesion to Right Parietal Lobe
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Contralateral Neglect
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Temporal Lobe
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Auditory cortex
Wernicke's area Functions: LTM - encoding, storage, retrieval Auditory Cortex Emotion? Damage: Wernicke's aphasia Anterograde, Retrograde amnexia |
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual Cortex (perception, recognition, memory)
Damage: visual agnosia visual hallucinations cortical blindness |
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Prosopagnosia
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Inability to recognize familiar faces
Results from Damage to Intersection of Temporal, Occipital, and Parietal Cortex |
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LH functions
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(+) Emotions
Language: letters words verbal memory language sounds speech reading writing math |
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RH functions
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(-) Emotions
patterns facial recognition music & other non-language sounds NV mmory spatial procesing, orientation geometry |
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Myesthenia Gravis
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Mechanism/Neurotransmitter
Ach d/o in which autoimmune system attacks Ach receptors at neuromuscular junctions Sx weak skeletal muscles |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Peripheral NS
I. Somatic Nervous System (voluntary activity) II. Autonomic Nervous System (biderctional connection between CNS and viscera (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) a. sympathetic (fight or flight) b. parasympathetic (relaxation) Sympathetic NS (fight or flight) Parasympathetic NS (conservation of energy, relaxation, meditation) |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Connections between CNS and viscera (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
2 parts: Sympathetic NS (fight or flight) Parasympathetic NS Generally governs automatic B, but some can be controlled via biofeedback |
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Sympathetic NS
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Fight or Flight
Hypertension Migraine |
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Parasympathetic NS
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Relation Response
Conservation of Energy Damage => Ulcerative Collitis |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Peripheral NS
I. Somatic Nervous System (voluntary activity) II. Autonomic Nervous System (biderctional connection between CNS and viscera (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) a. sympathetic (fight or flight) b. parasympathetic (relaxation) Sympathetic NS (fight or flight) Parasympathetic NS (conservation of energy, relaxation, meditation) |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Connections between CNS and viscera (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
2 parts: Sympathetic NS (fight or flight) Parasympathetic NS Generally governs automatic B, but some can be controlled via biofeedback |
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Sympathetic NS
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Fight or Flight
Hypertension Migraine |
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Parasympathetic NS
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Relation Response
Conservation of Energy Damage => Ulcerative Collitis |
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