Csp7

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it refers to the policy of nations that aim to extend their boundaries into new territories

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Imperialism

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a term coined by Marxist theorist Louis Althusser to describe the process by which ideological systems call out to or “hail” social subjects and tell them their place in the system

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Interpellated

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a term used by video artists and activists to describe alternative video practices begun in the late 1960s that used the medium of television to produce videotapes that were oppositional to the styles of mainstream television

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Guerrilla television

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the forces in a given society that work against dominant meaning and power systems, and keep in constant tension and flux those dominant meanings

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Counter-hegemonic

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In Marxist theory, the ways in which a society makes use of the natural resources of the world around it to make useful things

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Means of production

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in Marxist theory, the process by which the real economic imbalances of the dominant social system get hidden and ordinary citizens come to believe in the perfection of the system that oppresses them.

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False consciousness

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terms that have traditionally been used to make distinction about different kinds of culture. the first distinguishes culture that only an elite can appreciate, such as classical art, music, and literature, as opposed to commercially produced mass culture presumed to be accessible to lower classes

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High and low culture

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a term used by the members of the Frankfurt School, in particular Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, to indicate how capitalism organizes and homogenizes culture, giving cultural consumers less freedom to construct their own meanings

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Culture industry

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a term that refers to the space defined by the computer, the Internet, and virtual technologies

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Cyberspace

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the act of portraying, depicting, symbolizing, or presenting the likeness of something

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Representations

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an Italian avant-garde movement that was inspired by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti’s Futurist Manifesto, which was published in 1909. They were interested in breaking free of tradition, and embraced the idea of speed and the future

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Futurism

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the existence of various communities, usually of a particular ethnicity, culture, or nation, scattered across places outside of their land of origin or homeland

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Diaspora

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distinct social groups within wider cultural formations that define themselves in opposition to mainstream culture

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Subcultures

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media that operate in several directions, in contrast to broadcast media that transmit in one direction only

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Multidirectional Communication

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media that have a limited range through which to reach audiences, and hence are capable of carrying programming tailored to audiences that are more specific than broadcast audiences

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Narrowcast

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media that are transmitted from one central point to many different receiving points

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Broadcast media

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an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth are held primarily by individuals and corporations, as opposed to cooperative or state-owned means of wealth

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Capitalism

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a term used by cultural theorist Raymond Williams to describe the way that television incorporates interruption, such as television commercials and the break between programs, into a seemingly continuous flow so that everything on the TV screen is seen as part of one single entertainment experience

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Television flow

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a form in which artistic or cultural products are made

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Medium

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a term the refers to the cultural and social context of countries that were formerly defines in relationships of colonialism (both colonized an colonizer), in the contemporary mix of former colonies, neocolonialism, and continuing colonialism

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Postcolonial

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it has come to indicate phenomena that seem to exist but in no tangible or physical way. it is thus capable of functioning in a number of ways that are similar to its actual physical or material counterpart

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Virtual

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terms most famously used by French theorist Jean Baudrillard that refer to a sign that does not clearly have a real-life counterpart

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Simulations

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in semiotics terms, the element of meaning within a sign

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Signified

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a term in semiotics used by Charles Pierce to indicate those signs in which there is no connection between the signifier (word/image) and the thing signified except that imposed by convention

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Symbolic sign

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a term in semiotics used by Charles Pierce to indicate those signs in which there is a physical connection between the signifier (word/image) and the thing signified, because both existed at some point within the same physical space

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Indexical sign

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a term in semiotics used by Charles Pierce to indicate those signs in which there is a resemblance between the signifier (word/image) and the thing signified

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Iconic sign

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a theory of signs, sometimes called semiology, concerned with the ways in which things (words, images, and objects) are vehicles for meaning

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Semiotic

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as images produced by the mechanical device of a photographic camera, photographs have the power to project images of the truth and to be seen as unmediated copies of reality

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Photographic Truth

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the smallest unit of memory and information in a computer

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Bit

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in cultural consumption, the production of meaning in cultural products

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Encoding

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the representation of data by means of physical properties that express value along a continuous scale

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Analog

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a format for presenting text and images, which forms the basis of the World Wide Web, that allows viewers to move from one text, page, or web site to another through hyperlinks

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Hypertext

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the design in computer software and in the World Wide Web that allows users to make choices, enact commands, and move around through the use of graphics and images rather than text

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Graphical User Interface

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a theory of how the mind works derived originally from Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the role of the unconscious and desire in shaping a subject’s actions, feelings, and motives

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Psychoanalysis

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a set of theories that came into prominence in the 1960s that emphasized the laws, codes, rules, formulas, and conventions that structure human behavior and systems of meaning

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Structuralism

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originating with the nineteenth-century theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it combines political economy and social critique

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Marxism

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a philosophical position that centers on the dimensions of subjective human experience in how we react bodily and emotionally as well as intellectually to the world around us

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Phenomenology

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the practice of taking terms and meanings and re-appropriating them to create new meanings

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Trans-coding

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the act of borrowing, stealing, or taking over others’ meaning to one’s own ends

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Appropriation

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it is an image (or person) that refers to something beyond its individual components, something (or someone) that acquires symbolic significance

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Icons

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a term with negative connotations that indicates the imparting of political messages through mass media or art with the intent of moving people in calculated ways to precise political beliefs

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Propaganda-

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an art movement of the early twentieth century in both literature and the visual arts that focused on the role of the unconscious in representation and in dismantling the opposition between the real and the imaginary

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Surrealism

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an intellectual movement that began in Zurich in 1916, and later flourished in France with such figures as Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia. it was defined by the poet Tristan Tzara as a “state of mind” and was primarily anti-art in its sensibilities, with, for instance, Duchamp making “ready-mades” by putting ordinary objects, like a bicycle wheel and a urinal, on display in a museum

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Dada

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art or literature judged to have little or no aesthetic value, yet which has values precisely because of its status in evoking the class standards of bad taste

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Kitsch

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the quality of being genuine or unique

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Authenticity

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a term used by German theorist Walter Benjamin to describe the quality of unique works of art that exist in only one place

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Aura

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a group of scholars and social theorists, working first in Germany in the 1930s and then primarily in the United States, who were interested in applying Marxist theory to the new forms of cultural production and social life in the twentieth-century capitalist societies

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Frankfurt School

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a copy of an artwork that was produced by the original artist or under his/her supervision

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Replicas

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a style of abstract art, which prevailed in the post-World War II era until the mid-1950s in the United States and Europe, that was characterized by an emphasis on abstraction as expressive of contemporary anxiety.

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Abstract Expressionism-

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an early twentieth-century art movement that was part of the modern French avant-garde. Collaboration between Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, who were both developing new ways of depicting space and objects

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Cubism

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a term imported from military strategy (in which it indicated an expeditionary or scouting force) into art history to describe movements at the forefront.

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Avant-garde

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an artistic style that emerged in the late nineteenth century, primarily in France, that was characterized by an emphasis on light and color.

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Impressionism

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the shared set of values and beliefs that exist within a given society and through which individual live out their relations to social institutions and structures

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Ideology

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it refers to the sense of distance from nature, separation from others, and helplessness that is an effect of modern existence

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Alienation

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in general, the socially organized process of talking about a particular subject matter

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Discourses

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a position that sees technology as the most important determining factor in social change, positing technology as somehow separate from social and cultural influence

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Technological Determinism

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because electronic technology can simulate realities, it has come to indicate phenomena that seem to exist but in no tangible or physical way

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Virtual

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used to describe particular styles in art, literature, architecture, and popular culture, to define particular aspects of contemporary theory, and to designate a particular way of viewing the world (often seen as a time period) in the late twentieth century

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Postmodern

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those media which are designed to reach mass audiences, and that work in unison to generate specific dominant or popular representations of events, peoples, and places

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Mass Media

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the act of making a copy or duplicating something

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Reproduction

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an eighteenth-century cultural movement associated with a rejection of religious and pre-scientific tradition through an embrace of the concept of reason.

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Enlightenment-

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a term that refers to concepts of space that were originally influenced by the mathematical concepts of seventeenth-century philosopher Rene Descartes

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Cartesian Space

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something that is particular to the view of an individual. it is understood to be personal, specific, and imbued with the values and beliefs of a particular person

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Subjective

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the state of being unbiased and based on facts, usually referring to scientific fact or ways of seeing and understanding the world that involve a mechanical process rather than human opinion

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Objective

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The time period covering the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries that was characterized by scientific development and a struggle for power between the Church and science

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Scientific Revolution

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Art that adheres to the styles and aesthetics of tradition. Greek and Roman art

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Classical Art

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a term first coined in France in the nineteenth century to look back on a particular period of history that began in Italy in the early fourteenth century and reached its height throughout Europe in the early sixteenth century

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Renaissance

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A technique of visualization that was invented in Renaissance Italy in the mid-fifteenth century that indicates the Renaissance interest in the fusion of art and science

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Perspective

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A branch of philosophy that is concerned with beliefs and theories about the value, meaning, and interpretations of art

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Aesthetic

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- In semiotic term, the word, image, or object within a sign that conveys meaning

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Signifiers

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a term with meanings in culture, art, literature, and music; it refers both to a particular time period and a set of styles associated with that time

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Modernism/Modernity

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The Internet information server that uses hypertext as its primary navigation tool

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World Wide Web

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a network that connects supercomputers, mainframe computers, and personal computers throughout the world through e-mail, the World Wide Web, and file transfer

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Internet

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representing data by means of discrete digits, and encoding that data mathematically

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Digital