Cset Subtest2 Earth Science

Front 1

Solar System

Back 1

The sun and eight orbiting Planets.
Contains at least 5 dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto, Makemake, Haumea, and Eris.

Front 2

Plantets in Order

Back 2

Terrestrials-Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Gas Giants-Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, (Pluto).
Many planets are orbited by one or more moons.

Front 3

Asterioids

Back 3

Bodies smaller than planets that orbit the sun; often composed of rocky material.
Sometimes called minor planets or planetoids.
Larger than meteroids.

Front 4

Comets

Back 4

1. Small solar systems that orbit the sun
2. Ice and water. "Dirty snowballs." When they approach the sun exhibit tails that are the result of their ice being boiled.
3. The nucleus is the small, solid body. The coma is the boiled of atmosphere that surrounds the nucleus. The tail is the long streamers of gas and dust that are swept away from the sun.
4. Measure a few Kilometers or tens of kilometers across.

Front 5

Earth's Rotation

Back 5

Takes 24 hours for rotation; 365 1/4 days revolves around the sun
Earth's tilt is 23 1/2 degrees. Earth's tilt causes seasons; Day and night are of equal length only 2x's a year-autumnal equinox and the vernal equinox.

Front 6

Moon

Back 6

It moves in orbit around Earth, and one revolution takes 27 1/2 days-29 1/2. Moon reflects sunlight which causes it to glow.
237,000 miles away from earth.

Front 7

Lunar Eclipse

Back 7

1. When the Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.
2. Darkens the moon as the earth passes between it and the sun-casting a shodow on the moon.

Front 8

Solar Eclipse

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1. The moon blocks sunlight from hitting the Earth
2. Takes place when the moon passes between the earth and the sun wth the moon blocking sunlight for about 2 minutes.

Front 9

Galaxies

Back 9

Large collection of stars which are composed of not just starts but hydrogen dust particles and other gases.

Front 10

Stars

Back 10

Large masses of hydrogen. (Hydrogen is fused to form Helium).

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Mineral

Back 11

Solid material found in the Earth's Crust-elemement must be found in nature and must have never been part of any living organism.
Chemical compounds that are the crystals that make up rocks.
The most abundant minerals n the crust are the 2 feldspars-ortoclase and plagioclase-quartz, olivine, and augite.

Front 12

Layers of Earth

Back 12

Crust, Mantle, and Core-melted by extremely high temperatures of the center of the earth.

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Core

Back 13

Solid Iron and Nickel; 7,000 km in diameter.

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Mantle

Back 14

1. Semi-molten layer between the crust and core and is about 3,000 km thick.
2. Largest zone of the planet (68%)
3. Crystalline Silicates, rich in magnesium, calcium, iron,
4. Mainly solid, but local melting to magma is the source of volcanic eruptions.

Front 15

Crust

Back 15

1. Outermost layer of the Earth ranging from 5-40 km thick. It is composed of bedrock overlaid with mineral and/or organic sediment.
2. Less than 1% of the earth

Front 16

Igneous Rocks

Back 16

1. Rocks formed by cooling magma or lava-granite, obsidian.
2. Form either below the surface as intrusive rocks (Plutonic) or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.
3. Most of these rocks form below the surface of the earth's crust.
4. Melting is caused either by an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition.

Front 17

Sedimentary

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Rock formed from silt of deposited rock fragments by compaction at high pressures and/or cementation; shale and limestone, conglomerate.
2. Occurs at surface of the earth and within bodies of water
3. Covers 75-80 percent of the earth's land area

Front 18

Metamorphic

Back 18

1. Rocks formed from igneous or sedimentary rock after exposure to high heat and pressure (can be formed below the earth's surface); marble and shale, slate.
2. Can be classified by texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage.
3. Can be formed by tectonic processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure friction, and distortion.

Front 19

Weathering

Back 19

Breaking down of rock into small pieces; Rock is weathered by acid rain, freezing, wind abrasion, glacier scouring and running water.
Physical and chemical weather.

Front 20

Lithosphere

Back 20

Consists mainly of cold, rigid, rocky crust of the Earth.
The lithosphere is the solid outermost shell of a rocky planet.

Front 21

Hydrosphere

Back 21

Layer of water that covers 2/3 of the surface of the earth (oceans).

Front 22

Atmosphere

Back 22

1. Troposphere-All life and most weather
Tropopause
2. Stratosphere-Thermally insulating (ozone layer and jet stream)
Stratopause
3. Mesosphere-This is where meteors burn up
Mesopause

4. Thermosphere- layer reflects radio waves
5. Exosphere-outer layer of atmosphere-blends into space.
Timmy sings many theatrical exercises.

Front 23

Plate Tectonics

Back 23

New theory; Combination of sea floor spreading and continental drift. The surface of the Earth is broken into large lithospheric plates

Front 24

Evidence of Plate Tectonics

Back 24

1. Shapes of continents look like they fit together like a jig-saw puzzle.
2. Many fossil comparisons along the edges of continents that look like they fit together.
3. There is a large amount of seismic, volcanic and geothermal activity along plate boundaries compared to sites for from boundaries.
4. There are ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where plates are separating due to lava welling up from between the plates as they pull apart.-Himalayas are still growing.

Front 25

Effects of Plate Tectonics on Climate Geography

Back 25

1. Altering the distribution of continental land masses.
2. Changing continental elevations
3. Varying the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide due to volcanic eruptions.

Front 26

Front

Back 26

When 2 air masses meet-location of most stormy weather.

Front 27

Hydrologic Cycle

Back 27

1. Evaporation
2. Transpiration
3. Condensation (can appear in fog, clouds, mist, dew, frost)
4. Precipitation
5. Runoff

Front 28

Stratus Clouds

Back 28

Flat, broad clouds; Stable weather conditions

Front 29

Cumulus

Back 29

Fluffy, solid-looking
light colored-good weather
dark colored-heavy rains perhaps thunderstorms.

Front 30

Cirrus

Back 30

Thin, wispy-Changes in weather

Front 31

Oceanography

Back 31

Study of various bodies of water.

Front 32

Rivers

Back 32

Large flowing body of water that empties into the sea (usually).

Front 33

Estuary

Back 33

River meets sea or ocean

Front 34

Ocean

Back 34

Large body of water that surrounds a continent.

Front 35

Lake

Back 35

Large body of water surrounded by land on all sides.

Front 36

Tides

Back 36

Alternating rise and fall in sea level with respect to the land, produced by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun. Other factors such as ocean floor topography might influence the tide.
The changing positions of the moon and sun relative to the earth, coupled with the effects of the earth's rotation and the bathymetry of oceans, seas, and estuaries.
May be semidiurnal or diurnal.

Front 37

Dana Theory

Back 37

Heating and the subsequent cooling of the Earth causes wave formation. The wave formation is due to a thin crust with liquid rock underneath. This allows the flexible crust to be pushed up as a wave. The waves cool, forming mountains and valleys.

Front 38

Precipitation

Back 38

Condensed water vapor that falls to the earth's surface. Occurs as rain, snow, hail , fog drip, graupel, and sleet.

Front 39

Canopy Interception

Back 39

Precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground.

Front 40

Snowmelt

Back 40

Runoff produced by melting snow.

Front 41

Runoff

Back 41

Variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes surface and channel runoff.

Front 42

Percolation

Back 42

The movement of rainwater as it filters through soil and rocks into the ground, becoming groundwater.

Front 43

Subsurface Flow

Back 43

The flow of water underground n the vadose zone and aquifiers; may return to the surface or eventually seep into the oceans; water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it entered.

Front 44

Evaporation

Back 44

The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.
The source of energy for evaporation is solar radiation.

Front 45

Sublimation

Back 45

The state change where a solid (ice or snow) changes directly to a gas (water vapor).

Front 46

Condensation

Back 46

The transformation of water vapor to liquid droplets in the air, producing clouds and fog.

Front 47

Short Period Comets

Back 47

Are thought to originate in the Kuiper Belt, which lie beyond the orbit of neptune.
Less than 200 years old.

Front 48

Long Period Comets

Back 48

Are believed to originate at a much greater distance than the sun, in a cloud consiting of debris left over from the condensation of the solar nebula.

Front 49

Earth

Back 49

1. Travels slightly elliptical (oval).
2. Distance from the sun ranges from 91.5 to 94.5 million miles

Front 50

Lattitude

Back 50

Run east and west and measure north or south. The Equator is at 0 degrees latitude.

Front 51

Longitude

Back 51

lines that run north and south that measure east or west. The Prime Meridian, in Greenwich, England, is at 0 degrees longitude.

Front 52

Sun

Back 52

1. Ball of incandescent gases.
2. 300,000 times that of the earth and the volume could engulf a million earths.
3. Hydrogen and helium
4. Gases undergo nuclear fusion which creates large quantites of energyt
5. Temp of sun is millions of degrees.

Front 53

Sun's Atmosphere

Back 53

1. Inner Chromosphere (explosive prominences)
2. Outer Corona (Glowing halo visible only during a total ecliplse.)

Front 54

Sunspots

Back 54

Cooler disturbances in the photoshere.

Front 55

Galaxies

Back 55

Huge system of stars
2. Milky way is estimated to have 100 billion stars arranged in a great disk with spiral arms
3. Sun is not the center of this disk, but out toward the permiter and revolving around the galatice center.
4. Galaxies can be shaped spiral, elliptical, and irregular form.

Front 56

Big Bang Theory

Back 56

One primeval mass exploded about 12 mil. years ago.

Front 57

Phases of the Moon

Back 57

1. New Moon
2. Waxing Crescent
3. First Quarter
4. Waxing Gibbous
5. Full Moon
6. Waning Gibous
7. Last Quarter
8. Waning Cresent

Front 58

Time Zone

Back 58

Region of earth that has uniform standard time, usually referred to as the local time.Fifteen degrees of longitude equals on hour of time.

Front 59

Season

Back 59

1. Result from the earth's axis being tilted 23.5 degrees.
2. North and Southern hemispheres experience opposite seasons.
3. Marked by the changes in the amount of sunlight.
4. Causes cycles of dormancy in plants and hibernation in animals

Front 60

Perihelion

Back 60

The point of orbit closest to the sun in January.

Front 61

Aphelion

Back 61

Farthest point from the sun in July.

Front 62

Equinoxes

Back 62

Occur twice a year when the tilt of the earth's axis is oriented neither from nor to the sun causing the sun to located vertically above the point on the equator.
Night and day are equally long

Front 63

Winter Solstice

Back 63

OCcurs when the sun's position in the sky is at its greatest angular distance on the other side of the equatorial plane from the observers hemisphere

Front 64

Geology

Back 64

1. The science that describes the earth.
2. Geomorphology (Landforms)
3. Petrology (rocks)
4. Stratigraphy (Layered Rocks)
5. Paleontology (Fossils)
6. All fields contribute to historical geology.

Front 65

Uniformitarianism

Back 65

Using present to interpret the past.
Glaciation in early eras is indicated by ancient deposits with features very similar to those produced by present day glaciers.

Front 66

Mountains

Back 66

1. Landform that stretches above the surrounding and in a limited area with a peak.
2. Produced by the movement of lithospheric plates
3. Igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features.
4. Occur along linear areas
5. Block mountains or fold mountains are formed

Front 67

Deserts

Back 67

1. Take up 1/3 of the earth's land surface.
2. Large diurnal (day) and seasonal temperature range with high daytime temperatures and low night time temperatures (due to low humidity)
3. Incapable of blocking sun during the day and trapping heat at night.

Front 68

Mechanical or Physical Weathering

Back 68

Involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions such as heat, water, ice, and pressure.

Front 69

Chemical Weathering

Back 69

Involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals in the breakdown of rocks, soils, and minerals.

Front 70

Soil PRofile

Back 70

1. Sand rich in dark organic matter.
2. Clay and sand.
3. Sand and rock fragments
4. Unweathered rock

Front 71

Erosion

Back 71

The carrying away or displacement of solids usually by wind, water, or ice by a downward slope movement in response to gravity.
2. In places increased by human land use, deforestation, overgrazing.
3. Excessive erosion can cause damage by excessive loss of soil.

Front 72

Strata

Back 72

Layers of sediment deposited in a quiet environment-lakes, deltas, beaches, sandbars.

Front 73

Law of Original Horizontality

Back 73

Most sediments are deposited in beds that were originally horizontal, and any tilting is due to later earth movements.

Front 74

Law of Superposition

Back 74

Younger beds were originally deposited above older beds.
that strata that are younger will be deposited on top of strata that are older, given normal conditions of deposition.

Front 75

Geological Time Scale

Back 75

1. Precambrian-No life except algae.
2. Paleozoic-Invertebrates
3. Mesozoic -Reptiles
4. Cenozoic-mammals
Pretty people make candy.

Front 76

Average Composition of Crustal Rocks

Back 76

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium.
Orange silly animals sleep calmly in mud puddles.

Front 77

Lithosphere

Back 77

1. Comprising of the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle.
2. Tectonic Plates
3. Rides on the asthenosphere

Front 78

Three types of plate boundaries

Back 78

1. Convergent (Collision)
2. Divergent (Spreading)
3. Transform boundaries
**Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries.

Front 79

Pacific Ring of Fire

Back 79

1. Frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
2. Encircling the basin of the Pacific Ocean
3. 452 volcanoes and home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes.
4. 90% of the worlds earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.

Front 80

Volcanoes

Back 80

Opening or rupture in a planet's surface or crust.
Allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface.
Found where the tectonic plates are diverging and converging
Mid-atlantic ridge

Front 81

Composition of Air

Back 81

1. Nitrogen
2. Oxygen
3. Aragon
4. Carbon Dioxide
5. Water Vapor
Nice old alligators can waltz.

Front 82

Weather

Back 82

Occurs primarily due to density differences between one location and another; angle of the sun at a particular spot

Front 83

Differential Heating

Back 83

The motive force behind land breezes and sea breezes-on/off shore winds.
Land absorbs heat faster than water; but water releases heat over a long period of time.
Where land and sea meet, heat absorbed over the day will be radiated more quickly by the land at night cooling the air.
This convective motion draws the cool land air in to replace the rising air, resulting in land breeze in the late night and early morning.

Front 84

Mountain Breezes

Back 84

1. Sun Rises-mountain peaks receive first light and then the mountain slopes take on a greater heat load than the valleys
2. Temp. inequality between the two, and as warm air rises off the slopes, cool air moves up out of the valleys to replace it
Takes place in the afternoon when mountains have cooled down.
A convective movement.

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Semidiurnal

Back 85

Two high waters and two low waters each day.
Most tides are like this.

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Diurnal

Back 86

One tide cycle per day.

Front 87

Spring tide

Back 87

When the moon is full or new, the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are combined. At these times, the high tides are very high and the low tides are very low.

Front 88

Neap Tide

Back 88

1. During the moon's quarter phases the sun and moon work at right angles, causing the bulges to cancel each other. The result is a smaller difference between high and low tides.
2. Especially weak tides.
3. They occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to the Earth)

Front 89

Tidal Force

Back 89

Produced by the sun is only 46% as large as that produced by the moon
Gravitational attraction between the moon and the earth (sun sometimes) causes the tides.
Gravitational attraction also cause the oceans to bulge out on the side of the earth facing the moon, another bulge also occurs on the opposite side of the earth as the earth is being pulled toward the moon.

Front 90

Fold Mountains

Back 90

Formed when two plates collide head on, and their edges crumbled, much the same way as a piece of paper folds when pushed together.
Rockies were made this way.

Front 91

Fault-Block Mountains

Back 91

form when faults or cracks in the earth's crust force some materials or blocks of rock up and others down.
Instead of the earth folding over, the earth's crust fractures (pulls apart). It breaks up into blocks or chunks. Sometimes these blocks of rock move up and down, as they move apart and blocks of rock end up being stacked on one another.

Sierra Nevada's

Front 92

Scientific Method

Back 92

1. Define the question
2. Gather information and resources (observe)
3. Form hypothesis
4. Perform experiment and collect data
5. Analyze data
6. Interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis
7. Publish results
8. Retest (frequently done by other scientists)