Cset Subtest 1 History And Social Studies

Front 1

Pelopnnesian League

Back 1

an alliance of states in the Peloponnese in the 6th and 5th centuries BC.

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Augustus

Back 2

First emperor of the roman empire; Ceasars nephew and adopted son; Formed the secon Triumvirated in 43 bce-Octavian getting Rome
Introduced many reforms, including new coinage, new tax collection, fire and police protection, and land for settlers in the province.

Front 3

World History
Early Civilzations

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1. The Near East
2. Selected acheivements of Mesopotamia civilaztions
3. Unique contributions of smaller civilizations of the near east.
4. Egypt established a civilization in the Nile Valley (3000 BC).

Front 4

Four River Valley Civilizations
Southwest Asia

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1. Tigris and Euphrates river
2. Mesopotamia
3. Writing (Cunieform)
4. Organized Govt.
5. Written law Code (Hammurabi's Code)
6. Systematized religon (Zoroastrianism)
7. Astronomy/Astrology

Front 5

Four River Valley Civilizations
Northeastern Africa

Back 5

1. Banks of the Nile River; Mediterranean and red seas
2. Egypt.
3. Complex religon of gods, rituals, and governance (pharoh)
4. Writing (Heirglyphics)
5. Engineering and building (Pyramids)
6. Mathematics

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Four River Valley Civilizations
Southern Asia

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1. Indus and Ga nges Rivers; Arabian Sea
2. India
3. Urban Culture
4. Planned cities (citywide sanitation systems)
5. Metallurgy (gold, copper, tin, bronze)
6. Measurement (weight, time, Length, Mass)

Front 7

World History
The Near East

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1. The Ancient Near East comprised of the Tigris and Euphrates valley, the Fertile Crescent, and the Nile Valley
2. Cultural contributions associated with the ancient Near East.
a. The first system of independent states
b. the first system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics)
c. the first massive architectual acheivements (ziggurat and pyramid)
d. the first lasting monotheism
e. the beginning of science, math, and astronomy
f. the codification of law

Front 8

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Sumerians

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1. The Sumerians were the creators of Mesopotamia civilization (3500 - 3000 BC)
a. material progress included large scale irrigation projects, an advanced system of math, and the invention of the wheel, cuneiform.
b. the ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury
c. Sargon established t he first empire (c. 2371 BC)

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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Babylonians

Back 9

1. The Babylonians conquered Sumeria and established a new empire (2300 - 1750 BC)
a. The code of Hammurabi was the universal written code that regulated society (1750s BC)
b. Babylonian acheivements included centralized govt. and advancements in algebra and geometry

Front 10

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Hittites

Back 10

1. The Hittites (2000 - 1200 BC) conquered much of Asia minor and northern Mesopotamia; a major contrubution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare.

Front 11

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Assyrians

Back 11

1. The Assyrians created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism (911 - 538 BC)
a. Military techniques included seige warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons.
b. Assyria created a centralized govt, a postal service, an extensive library, and a system of highways

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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
The Chaldeans

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1. The Chaldeans established the "New Babylonian" empire uner Nebuchadnezzar (605 - 538 BC)
a. They conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine
b. They developed astrology, astronomy, advanced govt bureacracym and architectual acheivements such as the Hanging Gardens

Front 13

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
The Chaldeans

Back 13

1. The Chaldeans established the "New Babylonian" empire uner Nebuchadnezzar (605 - 538 BC)
a. They conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine
b. They developed astrology, astronomy, advanced govt bureacracym and architectual acheivements such as the Hanging Gardens

Front 14

World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Persians

Back 14

1. Persians attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s BC)
a. established an international govt
b. Zoroastrianism was an ehtical religion based on concepts of good and evil
c. Persia failed to conquer the Greeks. eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 bc)

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World History
Selected Acheivements of Mesopotamia civilizations
Persians

Back 15

1. Persians attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s BC)
a. established an international govt
b. Zoroastrianism was an ehtical religion based on concepts of good and evil
c. Persia failed to conquer the Greeks. eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 bc)

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World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East
Phoenicians

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1. Phoenicians became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; civilization reached its peak in 1000 BC
a. invented the first true alphabet
b. dominated Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye (royal purple)

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World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East
Lydians

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1. Lydians occupied western Asia Minor (500s BC)
a. culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (golden king)
b. responsible for first coinage of money

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World History
Unique Contributions of smaller civilizations of the Near East
Israelites

Back 18

1. Israelites established first lasting monotheism
a. Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030 - 1010 BC)
b. after death of Solomon (922 BC), the hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah)
c. Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 BC) and Judah (586 BC)
d. the revolt of the israelites against rome resulted in destruction of Jerusalem (AD 70) and the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132 - 135)

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World History
Egypt established a civilization in the Nile Valley (3000 BC)

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1. defensible borders generally spared egypt from the repeated political disruptions characteristic of mesopotamia.
2. egyptian history can be broadly outlined in specific time periods that reflect the changes taking place in egypt over a 3000 year period
3. significant aspects of egyptian civilization
a. life was dominated by concerns of the afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh
b. medical advances and specialized surgery were major contributions
c. invented a heiroglyphic writing system
d. commerce flourished throughout arabia, india, and part of africa
e. agriculture was the basis of the economy
f. monumental architecture reflected remarkable building and engineering feats, as well as mathematical precision
g. annual flooding of the nile was the basis for sustained economy, nile had an impact on all egyptian society.

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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Organized Warfare

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1. Mycenae; Saparta
2. Phyalanx

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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Literature

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1. Epic Poetry (lliad; Odyssey)
2. Plays (drama, tradgedy, comedy)

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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
History

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1. Herodotus (The Persian War)
2. The peloponnesian War

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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Architecture

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1. Columns and Colonnades
2. Parthenon

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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Arts

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1. Theater
2. Sculpture
3. Decorative Pottery

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Greek Contributions: 4000-323 B.C.
Government

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1. Democracy (Athens)
2. Oligarchy (Sparta)
3. Bureaucracy (Alexander the Great

Front 26

World History
The Greek World

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1. Greece is a land of mountains separated by deep valleys
2. Aegean background includes Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations
3. Greek civilization was dominated by Athens and Sparta
4. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) devastated both Sparta and Athens (and their Greek city-state allies)
5. Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) of Macedonia established the Hellenic Age (fusion of Greek culture with the east)
6. Contributions of the Greek World

Front 27

World History
Greek History
Greece is a land of mountains separated by deep valleys

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1. scarcity of good agricultural land encouraged seafaring in eastern greece.
2. southern mainland, with adequate ag resources, relied on farming

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World History
Greek History
The Aegean background includes the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations

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1. minoan civilazation of greece (c 4000 - 1400 bc) based its prosperity on extensive commerce
2. mycenaean civilization (c 2000 - 1150 bc) developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare.
a. dorians conquered the peloponnesus (peninsula of southern greece) and ushered a dark age characterized by violence and instability (c. 1150 - 800 bc)
b. ionia became the birthplace for the hellenic civilization

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World History
Greek History
Greek Civilization was dominated by Athens and Sparta

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1. Direct democracy was established in Athens (c. 507 BC)
2. The Age of Pericles (460 - 429 BC) represented the zenith of athenian society and height of its democracy
3. athens would become a world commericial center and cosmopolitan city
4. sparta developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its ag system
5. after defeating persians, conflict between athens and sparta dominated greek politics

Front 30

World History
Greek History
The Peleponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) devastated both Athens and SParta (and their greek city state allies)

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1. sparta was victorious but unable to unite the greek city states
2. greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of greek city state alliances

Front 31

World History
Greek History
Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) of Macedonia established the Hellenic Age (the fusion of the greek culture with the east)

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1. alexander conquered persia, asia minor, egypt and established a world empire
2. bureacracy replaced the polis (city state) as the form of govt

Front 32

World History
Greek History
Contributions of the Greek World

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1. founded most of the major philosophical schools, established systematic basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce
2. established democracy and system of law to improve society
3. in architecture, sculpture, art, literature, and the performing arts, the greeks were dominant

Front 33

How were ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia different?

Back 33

in egypt nile flood was predictable
in mesopotamia floods were often unpredictable and destructive
egypts natural barriers (desert and sea) as well as its isolation from other civilizations greatly hindered foreign invaders
mesopotamia's flat plains invited invasion
egypt remained a distinct politcal entity
mesopotamia had a succession of power (sumeria, babylonia, assyrians, persia, etc)

Front 34

World History
THe ROman World

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1. The Roman Republic (509-27 BC) started after Etruscan control was overthrown
2. The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries.
3. Roman contributions to the western world

Front 35

World History
The Roman World
The Roman Republic (509-27 BC) started after Etruscan control was overthrown

Back 35

1. Roman society was divided into the patricians (propertied class), plebians (main body of roman citizens), and slaves
2. Roman govt was bases on consuls, the senate, and the centurial assembly
3. roman army became the most powerful military organization in the world
4. after the punic wars with carthage (146 bc) rome emerged as the dominant power in the mediterranean.
a.rome incorporated greek culture into its empire
b. rome expansion resulted in a world republic
5. economic and political decline and repeated civil wars ravaged the roman republic
a. caesar was assassinated in 44 bc
b. augustus became the first emperor of the roman empire 27 bc

Front 36

World History
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries

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1. The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) was two centureies without a major was (27 bc - ad 180)
2. by the end of the second century, ad rome was in economic and political decline, which weakened the empire
3. constantine attempted to stem the tide
a. the empire split into the western and eastern roman empires
b. barbarian invasions by the goths, vandals, and huns devastated rome and it fell in ad 476
c. the eastern roman empire at constantinople remained intact; byzantium survived until 1453
4. causes for the fall of rome
a. immediate cause was a continuous barbaric invasion
b. internatal factors included politcal instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries.
c. the rise of christianity divided the empire.

Front 37

World History
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries

Back 37

1. The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) was two centureies without a major was (27 bc - ad 180)
2. by the end of the second century, ad rome was in economic and political decline, which weakened the empire
3. constantine attempted to stem the tide
a. the empire split into the western and eastern roman empires
b. barbarian invasions by the goths, vandals, and huns devastated rome and it fell in ad 476
c. the eastern roman empire at constantinople remained intact; byzantium survived until 1453
4. causes for the fall of rome
a. immediate cause was a continuous barbaric invasion
b. internatal factors included politcal instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, and the decline of the military, including the use of mercenaries.
c. the rise of christianity divided the empire.

Front 38

World History
The Roman Empire
roman contributions to the western world

Back 38

. greatest was in the field of law
2. revolutionized building construction, engineering, and road construction (200,000 miles of roads)
3. monumental architecture (colosseum, aqueducts)
4. continued greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities.

Front 39

World History
The Roman Empire
roman contributions to the western world

Back 39

. greatest was in the field of law
2. revolutionized building construction, engineering, and road construction (200,000 miles of roads)
3. monumental architecture (colosseum, aqueducts)
4. continued greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and the humanities.

Front 40

World History
The Rise of Christianity

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1. Basic Doctrines
2. Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the rome period

Front 41

World History
The Rise of Christianity

Back 41

1. Basic Doctrines
2. Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the rome period

Front 42

World History
The Rise of Christianity
Basic Doctrines

Back 42

1. Christianity began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden)
2. Emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God, the sacrements as the instruments of god's grace, and the importance of moral life for salvation.
3. Paul the Apostle was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman Empire
4. St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430) became the first great christian philosopher; wrote confessions and city of god

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World History
The Rise of Christianity
Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Rome Period)

Back 43

1. individual conviction in one's belief (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period.
2. efficiency and organization of the early church administration
3. doctrines that stressed equality and immortality
4. conversion of constantine to christianity (AD 313)
5. establishment of christianity as the official Roman religion (AD 380)
6. establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating

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Byzantine Accomplishments

Back 44

1. Greek Language nd cultural accomplishments preserved.
2. Center for world trade and exchange of culture
3. Codification of Roman Law (Justinian Code
4. Eastern Church (Greek Orthodox) converted Slavic people to Christianity
5. New focus for art; glorification

Front 45

World History
The Rise of Christianity
Basic Doctrines

Back 45

1. Christianity began with the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (compassion for the poor and downtrodden)
2. Emphasized the Holy Bible as the word of God, the sacrements as the instruments of god's grace, and the importance of moral life for salvation.
3. Paul the Apostle was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman Empire
4. St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430) became the first great christian philosopher; wrote confessions and city of god

Front 46

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization

Back 46

1. Constantine established a "New Rome" at Constantinople AD 330
2. Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (empire lasted for 1000 years)
3. reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire
4. Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire

Front 47

World History
The Rise of Christianity
Reasons for the spread of Christianity (the Rome Period)

Back 47

1. individual conviction in one's belief (solidarity) had grown during the Roman persecution period.
2. efficiency and organization of the early church administration
3. doctrines that stressed equality and immortality
4. conversion of constantine to christianity (AD 313)
5. establishment of christianity as the official Roman religion (AD 380)
6. establishment of the supremacy of the pope at the time imperial Rome was disintegrating

Front 48

World History
THe Early Byzantine Civilization
Constantinople established a "New Rome" at Constantinople in AD 330

Back 48

. Constantinople was strategically located, had excellent defensable borders, and was a crossroads of world trade
2. With the fall of Rome (476 AD) the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.

Front 49

Byzantine Accomplishments

Back 49

1. Greek Language nd cultural accomplishments preserved.
2. Center for world trade and exchange of culture
3. Codification of Roman Law (Justinian Code
4. Eastern Church (Greek Orthodox) converted Slavic people to Christianity
5. New focus for art; glorification

Front 50

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization

Back 50

1. Constantine established a "New Rome" at Constantinople AD 330
2. Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (empire lasted for 1000 years)
3. reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire
4. Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire

Front 51

World History
THe Early Byzantine Civilization
Constantinople established a "New Rome" at Constantinople in AD 330

Back 51

. Constantinople was strategically located, had excellent defensable borders, and was a crossroads of world trade
2. With the fall of Rome (476 AD) the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.

Front 52

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (it lasted 1000 years)

Back 52

1. economic prosperity was based on domination of commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade.
2. Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome.
3. Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528 - 565) strengthened bureacracy
4. Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders

Front 53

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Reasons for the Decline of the Byzantine Empire

Back 53

1. geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all whom were becoming more powerful
2. loss of commericial dominance over the Italians
3. religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church
4. sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusades
5. the fall of Constantinople (1453) marked the end of the Byzanting Empire

Front 54

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire

Back 54

1. preserved the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while the west was culturally stagnant
2. spread civilization to all of eastern Europe
3. preserved the Eastern orthodox church
4. economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy

Front 55

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 55

1. based on the teachings of Mohammed (AS 570 -632)
a. spread of Islam started in 7th Century AD
b. Koran became center of Islamic moral and ethical conduct
c. Mohammad established a theocracy based on Islamic law

Front 56

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 56

2. Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs
a. Arabs conquered much of Byzantine Empire and Persian empires, including North Africa, Spain
1. Battle of Tours (AD 732) resulted in Franks halting Moslem expansion in Europe
2. Moslem Spain lasted from AD 711 to 1031

Front 57

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (it lasted 1000 years)

Back 57

1. economic prosperity was based on domination of commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade.
2. Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome.
3. Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528 - 565) strengthened bureacracy
4. Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders

Front 58

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Reasons for the Decline of the Byzantine Empire

Back 58

1. geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all whom were becoming more powerful
2. loss of commericial dominance over the Italians
3. religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church
4. sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusades
5. the fall of Constantinople (1453) marked the end of the Byzanting Empire

Front 59

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire

Back 59

1. preserved the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while the west was culturally stagnant
2. spread civilization to all of eastern Europe
3. preserved the Eastern orthodox church
4. economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy

Front 60

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 60

1. based on the teachings of Mohammed (AS 570 -632)
a. spread of Islam started in 7th Century AD
b. Koran became center of Islamic moral and ethical conduct
c. Mohammad established a theocracy based on Islamic law

Front 61

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 61

2. Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs
a. Arabs conquered much of Byzantine Empire and Persian empires, including North Africa, Spain
1. Battle of Tours (AD 732) resulted in Franks halting Moslem expansion in Europe
2. Moslem Spain lasted from AD 711 to 1031

Front 62

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Reasons for the Byzantine Empire's success (it lasted 1000 years)

Back 62

1. economic prosperity was based on domination of commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and a monopoly of the silk trade.
2. Byzantines made excellent use of diplomacy to avoid invasions and they were geographically distant from the tribes who sacked Rome.
3. Codification of Roman law by Justinian (AD 528 - 565) strengthened bureacracy
4. Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders

Front 63

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Reasons for the Decline of the Byzantine Empire

Back 63

1. geographic proximity to the Arabs, Slavs, and Seljuk Turks, all whom were becoming more powerful
2. loss of commericial dominance over the Italians
3. religious controversy with the West and a subsequent split with the Roman Catholic Church
4. sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusades
5. the fall of Constantinople (1453) marked the end of the Byzanting Empire

Front 64

World History
The Early Byzantine Civilization
Acheivements of the Byzantine Empire

Back 64

1. preserved the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while the west was culturally stagnant
2. spread civilization to all of eastern Europe
3. preserved the Eastern orthodox church
4. economic strength was based on the stability of its money economy

Front 65

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 65

1. based on the teachings of Mohammed (AS 570 -632)
a. spread of Islam started in 7th Century AD
b. Koran became center of Islamic moral and ethical conduct
c. Mohammad established a theocracy based on Islamic law

Front 66

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 66

2. Muslim empire was ruled by Arab caliphs
a. Arabs conquered much of Byzantine Empire and Persian empires, including North Africa, Spain
1. Battle of Tours (AD 732) resulted in Franks halting Moslem expansion in Europe
2. Moslem Spain lasted from AD 711 to 1031

Front 67

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 67

3. The Muslim EMpire divided
a Abbassides overthrew Umayyads - capitol moved to Bagdad
b. Iberian and North African muslims broke with the Bagdads control

Front 68

World History
The Rise of Islam
The Muslim Empire and The Rise of Islam

Back 68

4. Turkes assumed leadership of the Muslim world
a. Seljuks fought the crusaders and regained lost land
b. Mongols invaded the eastern Muslim empire
c. Ottoman Empire expanded territory and lasted for many centuries
d. Constantinople was the center of the Ottoman Empire

Front 69

World History
The Rise of Islam
Islamic Civilization

Back 69

1. Govt and religion developed the framework for prosperity
a. Arabs preserved cultures of the people they conquered
b. religious pilgrimages led to the spread of new ideas
c. caliphs improved farming methods and crop yields
d. trade and commerce led to a high standard of living in cities
e. military expansion also served as a vehicle for cultural exchange between Arab and western worlds

Front 70

World History
The Rise of Islam
Islamic Civilization

Back 70

2. Trade spread Islamic culture
a. many factors helped trade including no taxation and strong banking practices
b. muslim trade spread culture to foreign lands
c. Ibn Batua spread Islamic culture by traveling widely

Front 71

World History
The Rise of Islam
Islamic Civilization

Back 71

3. Science and the arts flourished under Muslim rule
a. advanced words in medicine, astronomy, and math
b. architecture and literature flourished
c. poetry and philosopohy were common themese in Islamic books

Front 72

World History
The Early Middle Ages
(A.D. 500 - 1000)

Back 72

1. The destruction of Rome resulted in a period of decline (500-800) the Dark Ages)
2. The Franks became the dominant Germanic tribe.
3.The Carolingians replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers
4. The Viking (Norse) invasions pillaged the coasts of Europe in the eighth century
5. Society in the Middle Ages was based on the fuedal system

Front 73

World Histoy
Early Middle Ages
THe Franks became the dominant Germanic tribe

Back 73

1. Clovis (481 -511) was converted to Christianity
2. Domestic fueds and vivil war broke out among the Merovingians (561)
a. political power shifted away from the monarch
b. charles martel halted the Moslem advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours (732), which had a lastin impact on the development of western civilization

Front 74

World History
Early Middle Ages
The Carolingians replaced the Franks as legitimate rulers

Back 74

1. Pepin the Short (747-768) appointed by the Pope as king, established papal states on former Byzantine land
2. Charlemagne (768-814) dominated the political structure of the early middle ages
a. crowned "emperor of the romans" by pope leo in 800 and had a major impact on the history of europe
b. revived concept of holy roman empire and established authority over secular rulers.
c. empire incluided most of the former Roman Empire and additional Germanic lands between the Rhine and Elbe Rivers
d. The Carolingian Renaissance resulted in the establishment of a palace academy with a prescribed academic curriculum
3. The Frankish system of inheritance hastened the dissolution of the Frankish Empire.
a. The Tready of Verdun (843) divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons
b. Carolingian rule ended in the tenth century because of the decline of central authority and the invasions of the Scandanavian tribes

Front 75

World Histoy
Early Middle Ages
THe Viking (Norse) invasions pillaged the coasts of Europe in the eight century

Back 75

1. The Danes were responsible for the major invasions of England
2. Alfred the Great (871-99) established the English Kingdom after stemming the Danish invasions
3. In France, the Carolingian king was forced to cede Normandy to the Vikings

Front 76

World History
Early Middle Ages
Society in the Middle Ages was based on the feudal system

Back 76

1. under feudalism, polictical authority was dominated by land nobility
a. feudal contract provided land in exchange for personal services to the king
b. law of primogeniture gave all property to eldest son.
c. church enjoyed a favorable position under feudalism and became and major landholder.
2. Manorialism was the agricultural organization and economic foundation of feudalism
a. commerce was virtually non existent; a purely ag economy prevailed
b. lord of the manor exercised full political, judicial, and economic control over the manor including serfs

Front 77

World History
The Later Middle Ages
(c. 100- - 1500)

Back 77

1. The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation states of France.
2. The Norman Conquest has a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England.
3. Spain and Portugal during the later Middle Ages
4. The Holy Roman Empire during the late middle ages
5. Characteristics of medieval civilizations during the late middle ages.
6. Historical interpretations of the Middle Ages.

Front 78

World History
The Later Middle Ages
The rise of feudal monarchs resulted in the development of the nation-states of France.

Back 78

1. Hugh Capet (987-96) established Capetian rule in France that lasted 300 years.
2. By the early thirteenth century, royal authority had expanded and France had become a European power.
3. Conflicts with the pope over the extent of religious rule resulted in an increase in the authority of the monarch.
4. The Hundred Year war (1337-1453) between England and France resulted in the English being driven out of most of France.

Front 79

World History
The Later Middle Ages
THe Norman Conquest had a profound impact on the development of the culture, language, and judicial system of England

Back 79

1. The Battle of Hastings (1066) ended Anglo Saxton rule in England.
2. By the twelfth century, English common law was firmly established.
3. The Magna Carta (1215) limited the power of the king. It is the most important document in English constitutional law.
4. By fourteenth century, English Parliament was firmly established.
a. parliament gained power at expense of the king.
b. House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes) composed Parliament.
5. The War of Roses (1455-85) was fought over succession of the throne.
a. House of Lancaster crushed the House of York.
b. Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty in England

Front 80

The Magna Carta (1215)

Back 80

limited the power of the king. most important document in English constitutional law.

Front 81

World History
The Later Middle Ages
Spain and Portugal

Back 81

1. The Reconquista reestablished Christian control over Moslem Spain in 1492.
a. Spanish state was marked by strong, absolutist rule.
b. monarch instituted inquisitions and also expelled the Jews.

Front 82

World History
THe Later Middle Ages
The Holy Roman Empire

Back 82

1. pope was dominant in religious matters and the king in secular matters.
a. Germany consisted of kingdoms, dukedoms, and smaller princely states.
b. Frederick Barbarossa (1152-90) called the union of Germany and Italy the holy roman empire; he stated that the king's authority was higher than that of the popes.
2. A continuing power struggle with the pope resulted in the further decentralization of the Germanic states.
3. Conflict between the papacy and the secular ruler during the late middle ages.
a. papacy was dominated by a series of holy roman emperors.
b. under pope leo IX (1049-54) the independency of papacy was established

Front 83

World History
The Later Middle Ages
Characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages.

Back 83

1. Society was based on strict class division: CLergy and nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans were the work forces, and serfs were tied to the land.
2. The decline of feudalism and manorialism was evident by the 12th century and completed by the 16th
3. commercial revival led to the rise of towns.
a. true middle class emerged
b. economic activities in towns were supervised by guild system (merchant and craft guilds)
c. Mediterranean commerce was dominated by Venetians and Genoans.
d. Crusades led to revival of international trade; money became primary unit of exchange.
4. Education stressed the liberal arts.
a. Theology considered queen of sciences
b universities created in paris, oxford, cambridge during 11th and 12th centuries
c. latin was language of intellectual europe; vernacular was used by 12th century
5. Philosophy (scholasticism) dealt with the consistency of faith and reason; realism and nominalism were rival points of view.
a. Realism (Plato's view): Reality consists of ideas (universals) that exist in the mind, independent of sensory powers of perception.
b. Nominalism (Universals) are just symbols for names for objects; only perceived objects are real, and they exist independent of the mind.
6. Architecture was dominated by Romanesque (11th to 12th) an Gothic (13th to 15th) styles.

Front 84

World History
The Later Middle Ages
Historical Interpretations of the MIddle Ages

Back 84

. period to transition between ancient and modern europe.
2. were unique with distinctive culture.

Front 85

World History
The Renaissance (c. 1350 - 1600)

Back 85

1. The Renaissance began in Italy during the 14th century.
2. literature and philosophy reflected the new secular trend.
3. Renaissance spread throughout Europe.
4. General characteristics of the Renaissance.

Front 86

World HIstory
The Renaissance
Began in Italy in during 14th century

Back 86

1. Conflicts between papacy and Holy Roman Empire in 13th and 14th resulted in regional autonomy fro the Italian city-states.
2. heritage of greek and roman civilizations contributed to the development of the Italian Renaissance.
3. Crusades focused attention eastward (Greece and Near East)
4. By 14th century, the move toward secularization was predominant.

Front 87

World History
The Renaissance
Literature and philosophy reflected new secular trends.

Back 87

1. Humanism stresses the importance of the individual.
2. Neoplatonism replaced Scholasticism as the the dominant philosophy.
3. Machiavelli's The Prince stresses that "the ends justify the means" as a political philosophy
4. influence of the "classical" arts was strong and a new emphasis was placed on science.

Front 88

World History
The Renaissance
The Renaissance spread throughout Europe

Back 88

1. Renaissance of northern Europe emphasized the teachings of Christianity and placed less reliance on humanism.
2. French Renaissance reflected a democratic realism.
3. English Renaissance did not flower until under Elizabethan age.

Front 89

World History
The Renaissance
General characteristics of the Renaissance

Back 89

1. emphasis on man rather than god
2. reawakening or rebirth of classical models
3. ideal of universal man was widely held

Front 90

Renaissance-Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman Culture

Back 90

1. Works of Greeks and Romans reconnected Europeans with their ancient heritage.
2. Emphasis on humanism
3. Secularism-Writings of the Greek and Roman Philospohers and commentaries on their works; free politics and governance from Church control.
4. Realism and formalism-art emphasized everyday lives; Architecture based on Greek and Roman forms.

Front 91

World History
THe Reformation

Back 91

1. Protestant Reformation and the development of Western civilization
2. Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism.
3. Effects of the Reformation

Front 92

World History
The Reformation
Protestant Reformation and the development of western civilization

Back 92

1. Reasons for reformation
a. dissatisfaction with church ritual and latin overtones
b. humanism emphasized man's needs and concerns
c. printing press allowed mass communication
2. Also, Martin Luther (1483 -1546) and the right of the pope to grant indulgences was a primary cause
a. Luther's Ninety-five Theses served as a catalyst in starting the Reformation
b. Lutheranism allowed for state church system controlled by individual German princes
c. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) officially recognized Lutheranism but allowed Catholic princes to support Catholicism
3. Calvinism made Protestantism a national movement
a. doctrine of predestination was central to Calvanistic belief
b. calvanism became revolutionary anti-catholic movement
4. Act of Supremacy (1534) marked the beginning of the English Reformation
a. king of england became the head of the church
b. pope's refusal to annul marriage of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon initiated the break
c. Elizabeth I (1558 - 1603) firmly established Protestantism in England and established Anglican church

Front 93

World History
The Reformation
THe Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism

Back 93

. Jesuits (society of jesus) became the official Catholic response to the Reformation; Jesuits also initiated missionary and educational endeavors.
2. council of trent (1545-63) defined the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority

Front 94

World History
The Reformation
Effects of Reformation

Back 94

1. medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by spirit of modern nationalism
2. authority of the state was strengthened
3. middle class was strengthened
4. calvinism gave capitalism its psychological base.
5. religious wars reflected the fervor of the times.

Front 95

World History
age of enlightenment (1700-1789)
philosophy influence by age of reason

Back 95

1. christianity and church dogma were questioned
2. proper function of govt was defined by voltaire, montesqueiu, locke, and rosseau. ideas led to philosophical bases for american and french revolutions
3. in economics, doctrine of laissez faire stood in opposition to regulated trade
4. adam smith wrote wealth of nations and advocated manufacturing as the true source of the nation's wealth

Front 96

world history
age of enlightenment
culture of 18th century dominated by neoclassicism

Back 96

1. attempt to revive the classic style and form of greece and rome
2. in literature, the novel was the outcome; in architecture, rococo style was dominant
3. in music, haydn, mozart, and beethoven emphasized the classical eras formal symmetrical structure, simple rhythms, and tuneful melodies

Front 97

Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
(Astronomer)

Back 97

Challenged the Church doctrine of a geocentri (earth-centered) theory of the universe.
2. Proposed and published his heliocentric (sun-centered) theory.

Front 98

Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei
Mathematician, physicist, astronomer)

Back 98

With a telescope, provided the first observational evidence in support of Copernicus Phases of Venus; 4 moons of jupiter

Front 99

Scientific Revolution
Johannes Kepler
(Mathematician, astronomer

Back 99

1. Man could understand God's intelligible plan through application of reason.
2. THree laws of Planetary Motion-mathematical calculations regarding planetary orbits that supported heliocentric theory.

Front 100

Scientific Revolution
Isaac Newton
Mathematician, physicist, astronomer

Back 100

1. Laws of motion and universal gravitation
2. Laws of prvity proved the force of Earth's gravity on the orbit of the moon
3. Applied to all planets; provided final proof of heliocentric theory.

Front 101

world history
the french revolution and napeleon
background to the french revolution

Back 101

1. an inequitable class structure was the basic cause of the revolution
2. disorganized legal system and no representative assembly
3. enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class
4. bankruptcy of french treasury was immediate cause of revolution
a. nobility resisted expanded taxation plans
b. failure of monarchy led to violent revolution
5. declaration of rights of man and citizen defined enlightenment concepts of national law and the sovereignty of the people
6. first french republic (1792-1804) was marked by the violence of the reign of terror (1793-94) and the rise of napolean

Front 102

World History
THe French Revolution and Napoleon
Napolean and the First Empire (1804-15)

Back 102

1. Domestic reforms resulted in a more efficient govt.
a. no tax exemptions were allowed for lineage, and govt promotion was based on ability
b. the code of napoleon modernized french law (equality before the law)
2. international relations placed france against europe
a. napoleon won territory from the holy roman empire and forced spain to cede the louisianna territory to france
b. by 1807, the holy roman empire was disbanded as france gained territory from prussia and poland
c. the continental system was a failed french attempt to close the continent to british trade in hopes of destroying the british economy
d. napoleon's disastrous invasion of russia marked the beginning of the end for napoleon
e. the battle of waterloo 91815) ended in defeat for napoleon and ended the french empire. napoleon was permanently exiled to st. helena

Front 103

World HIstory
reaction, romaticism, and revolution
(1815-48)
congress of vienna (1815) attempted to balance the powerful states of europe

Back 103

1. congress ignored the legitimacy of the nationalistic aspirations of the european peoples
2. enforcement of the settlement was predicated on international agreements designed to preserve the status quo
3. the congress of verona (822) ended the congress system and allowed european powers to be guided by self interest

Front 104

world history
reaction, romanticism, and revolution
romanticism raised basic questions about the nature of truth

Back 104

1. unlike enlightenment, romanticism encouraged gothic revival and rejected limitations of neoclassicism
2. politically, reinforced nationalistic philosophy and pursued policy of self determination

Front 105

world history
reaction, romanticism, and revolution
revolutionary movements of 1820, 30, and 48 resulted in territorial changes, liberal political reforms, and the abolition of serfdom

Back 105

1. revolutions of 1848 were precursor to future class warfare issues in europe
2. consequence was emergent voice of militant socialism. would have profound effect on political structure of europe

Front 106

world history
impact of industrial revolution on europe
causes of industrial revolution

Back 106

1. scientific revolution brought new mechanical devices
2. availability of investment capital and rise of middle class provided economic base
3. conditions in england favored industrialization
a. cotton textile industry was well established
b. britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products
c. coal, iron, and a plentiful supply of cheap labor were available

Front 107

world history
impact of industrial revolution on europe
the results of the industrial revolution

Back 107

1. dramatic increase in productivity and rise of factory system
2. demographic changes (from rural to urban centers)
3. division of society into define classes (propertied and nonpropertied)
4. development of modern capitalism (profits linked to the manufacturing of products)

Front 108

world history
impact of industrial revolution on europe
intellectual response to industrial revolution

Back 108

1. classical economists advanced theory of laissez faire (limited govt intervention in business affairs)
2. thomas malfus theorized population growth would far outstrip food production
3. revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of present economic system
a. history was seen as a class struggle between expoliters and the exploited
b. communist manifesto written by marx and engels advances theories of modern scientific socialism

Front 109

Birth of Factory Systems
Flying shuttle

Back 109

1. 1733- increased the speed of weavers.

Front 110

Birth of Factory Systems
Spinning Jenny

Back 110

1764- Increased the speed oand output of yarn spinners

Front 111

Birth of Factory Systems
Water Frame

Back 111

1764-Introduced the first poser-driven machine to manufacture cloth

Front 112

Birth of Factory Systems
Spinning Mule

Back 112

1179-A power driven machine that prduced fin, strong yarn.

Front 113

Birth of Factory Systems
Watt Steam Engine

Back 113

1785-Meant that factories were no longer dependent on water sources for power

Front 114

Birth of Factory Systems
Power Loom

Back 114

1785-Led to faster production of cloth.

Front 115

Birth of Factory Systems
Cotton Gin

Back 115

1795-Made it possible to meet increased demand for cotton by mechanizing the process for separating seeds from cotton fiber.

Front 116

Iron Making

Back 116

1. 1760 Coke Smelting-improved production of iron.
2. 1783- Grooved Rollers-allowed iron makers to roll out iron into different shapes

Front 117

Transportation

Back 117

1804: Steam Engine used to develop the first steam locomotive (used initially to haul freight at coal mines and ironworks
2. 1807- Steam engine used by American intventor Robert Fulton to build a Steamboat.

Front 118

world history
the lands and peoples of africa
topography of africa mainly desert and savannah and tropical rainforest.

Back 118

. african continent divided into many ecological regions
2. trade and commerce connected to geographical potential of area
3. large populations flourished in savanna and were primarily agrarian

Front 119

world history
lands and people of africa
ancient africans made advances in societies and culture

Back 119

1. lineage is basis of tribal organization
2. religion, politics, and law became focus of culture
3. art and sculpture emphasized

Front 120

world history
lands and people of africa
african civilizations south of sahara

Back 120

1. famous empires grew in the west african savanna: ghana, mali, songhai
2. east african coast saw development of city-states
a. east african civilization based on international trade and seaport cities
b. swahili culture developed own language and thrived in city states
c. portuguese destroyed much of east african trade after 1500
3. kingdom of zimbabwe developed in the interior
a. grew from an iron working settlement
b. huge stone structures constructed
c. economy based on gold trade
4 islam stimulated new states of west africa and spread islamic culture and religion
5. forest states developed strong govt
a. benin grew wealth and powerful until european contact threatened society
b. slave trade produced wealth for the cities and terror in the interior
c. trade, taxes, and powerful govt resulted in asante becoming a strong state

Front 121

Africa is the land of geographical diversity

Back 121

1. Four Rivers (Nuile, Congo, Niger, and Zambezi) were important to Africa's economic history
2. Egyptian Civilization developed in the Nile Valley
3. Africa above the Sahara is often associated with Arab influence
4. THe irregular coast line (no natural harbors) of the African continent restricted European exploration.

Front 122

world history
native americans and early cultures in america
early cultures in n.a.

Back 122

1.american indian culture developed over many centuries
a. first originated from asia
b ag changed some indian cultures from nomadic to faming community
2. N.A. indians were quite skilled
a. hopewell people were farmers and flourished in ohio and mississippi valleys
b. mississippian cultured developed in AD 800 and built lg religious mound structures
c. anasazi culture 800-1300 developed in southwest and were builders and farmers
d. pueblos inhabited southwest and built adobe cities

Front 123

world history
native american and early cultures in N.A.
early cultures in mesoamerica

Back 123

1. olmec (1200 - 400 bc) developed first civilizations in mesoamerica (mexico, central america, and wester coast of south america)
a. developed ag community and first calendar in america
2. Mayas (250-900 ad) achieved complex civilization
a. cities were trade and religious center
b. excelled in math, science, astronomy, and engineering (pyramid building)
3. aztecs (1200-1500ad) conquered much of central mexico
a. toltecs preceded aztecs
b, built great city (tenochtitlan)l and ruled an empire
c. religion and war dominated life
4. incas (1200-1500 ad) controlled vast empire in south america
a. tiahuanaco culture developed in andes mountains and incas unified extensive empire
b. sophisticated record keeping system and skilled craftsmen

Front 124

Imapct of Spanish Exploration and Conquest on Indigenous People of the Americas

Back 124

1. Disease devistated native populations; smallpox measles and typhus
2. Aztecs conquered by Cortes in 1521.
3. Inca Empire Conquered by Pizarro in 1533
4. Mass transfer of wealth (gold and silver) from the Americas to Spain
5. End of political and economic independence-organized for labor within the Spanish economic system
6. Loss of native culture
7. Conversion to Christianity,.

Front 125

Mesoamerica
Olmec

Back 125

1. 1200- 400 B.C.
2. South Central MExico
3. Noted artwork in many media (jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone); monumental sculpture (colossal heads)

Front 126

Mesoamerica
Maya

Back 126

1. A.D. 250 - 900
2. Yucatan Peninsula
3. Only known written language of pre-Columbian Amercas
4. Sophisticated art
5. Monumental architecture; Tiakl; Palenque
6. Mathematical and astronomical systems

Front 127

Mesoamerica
Aztec

Back 127

1. 1325 A.D> - 1521 A.D.
2. Central Mexico
3. Rich mythological and religious traditions
4. Architecturally accomplished: city planning; great pyramid of Tenochtitlan; temples and palaces
5. artistically advanced.

Front 128

South America
Inca

Back 128

1. A.D. 1200 - 1533
2. Northwest coastal and inland refgion of South America (Peru)

3. EEngineering/architecture: Machu Picchu; stone construction without mortar; extensive road system linking empire together
4. Art: Gold and silver working; Ceramics; textiles

Front 129

world history
early history of india
india under muslim rule

Back 129

1. muslims controlled india for centuries
a. muslim invaders came into india in 11th and 12th and created kingdoms in the north
b. delhi sultanate was most powerful and developed art and architecture
2. hindus lived and worked under muslim rule
a. most were self sufficient farmers
b. caste system dominated life
c. believed in supreme being (brahman) and believed in reincarnation
3. mughuls united and ruled most of india
a. after babur invaded india, akbar became greatest mughul ruler
b. mughuls were great builders (taj mahal)
c. mughul empire declined quickly and by 1750 empire fallen

Front 130

world history
early history of china
china from sungs through manchus

Back 130

1. chinese civilization continued under sungs from 960 ad - 1279
a. chinese empire lost territory after fall of tang rulers.
b. advances in education, art, and science contributed to an improved way of life.
2. importance of city life in sung empire
a. foreign trade enabled populations to grow and cities to become sophisticated
b. family focus of life
c. women had lower status than men.
3. mongols ruled china
a. genghis khan united nomadic peoples and conquered china
b. kublai khan became emperor
c. marco polo, italian explorer, opened door to trade with china and described the mongol empire
4. chinese culture was maintained by ming and manchu dynasties
a. ming (native chinese) ousted mongols
b. ming limited contact with west (1368 - 1644)
c. manchus (1664 - 1911) overran china and followed a policy of isolationism, weakening china
5. teachings of confucious influenced chinese culture
a. wanted to improve society
b. taught certain virtues were guidelines to happy life

Front 131

world history
early history of japan
the emergence of japan

Back 131

1. japans geography influenced history
a culture reflects reverence for nature
b. mountains, forests, and coastal areas determined cultural growth
2. early japanese civilization borrowed from china
a. archeology has revealed japan's ancient past
b. japanese culture developed during heian era
c. poetic form such as haiku developed and literature spread
3. feudalism and a samurai warrior class developed
a. three periods of feudal govt. - kamakura, ashikaga, and tokugawa
b. shogun was actual ruler; emperors were figureheads
c. nobles struggles fro power during ashikaga shogunate
d. arts flourished
e. central govt grew strong during tokugawa era
f. old samurai class and feudal way of life declined resulting in major political and social changes
4. accomplishments of early japanese
a. own language and sophisticated system of writing
b. developed literature and poetry, shinto religion, and placed great emphasis on love of nature, beauty, and good manners

Front 132

California History
Prehistoric Period
first humans to enter North America crossing the Bering Strait land bridge at the end of the Pleistocene Period, or the last Ice Age, approx 15000 to 30,000 years ago

Back 132

1. migrated south from Alaska and populated north and south america
2. entered ca approx 15000 years ago; evidence from early man archaeological site at calico could push date back to 50,000

Front 133

California history
prehistoric period
native americans of ca
general characteristics prior to european contact

Back 133

a.spoke great diversity of dialects
b. represented largest concentration of indians in N.A.
c. had similar physical traits and features
d. groups showed general uniformity in economy, material goods, religious practices, and social organization
f. primarily hunter gatherer societies
g. dwellings reflected groups climatic and geographic locations: frame and plank houses in north, brush shelters in the southern deserts and earth houses along coastal areas
g. local subsistence based on available resources
h. crafts limited: basket making generally universal : twined in north, coiled in south
i. groups not generally warlike and weapons not sophisticated. uses atlatl, bow and arrow, obsidian points, hunting blades, spears, harpoons, clubs, and throwing sticks. hunting technology linked to geographic factors. balsa and raft type boats were used in south, and plank canoes were used in the north
2. shared heritage of various tribes
a. lineage was traced on the paternal side
b. native tobacco and jimsonweed were widely used in ceremonial activities
c. sweathouses were used (men)
d. people played functional musical instruments and sang and danced
e. groups religion were similar in myths, creation stories, shamanism, and the influence of nature
f. ceremonies dealt with birth, death, puberty, marriage, hunting, and so on
g. cultures integrated with and reflected environment; nature provided for them
h. fables dealt with animals and other natural phenomena of the region
i. roles were sex differentiated. men hunted and fished. women gathered food and materials and killed small game
j. oral story tradition was used by all ca indians

Front 134

california history
prehistoric period
native americans of ca
shared heritage of various tribes

Back 134

a. lineage was traced on the paternal side
b. native tobacco and jimsonweed were widely used in ceremonial activities
c. sweathouses were used (men)
d. people played functional musical instruments and sang and danced
e. groups religion were similar in myths, creation stories, shamanism, and the influence of nature
f. ceremonies dealt with birth, death, puberty, marriage, hunting, and so on
g. cultures integrated with and reflected environment; nature provided for them
h. fables dealt with animals and other natural phenomena of the region
i. roles were sex differentiated. men hunted and fished. women gathered food and materials and killed small game
j. oral story tradition was used by all ca indians

Front 135

california history
prehistoric period
native americans ca
geographic factors isolated many tribes. desert and mountain barriers restricted contact

Back 135

1. northern ca tribes included yurok, hupa, modoc, and pomo
2. central ca tribes included maidu and miwok
2. coastal tribes included miwok, esselen, and chumash
4. desert tribes included mojave and serrano
5. sierra nevada tribes included miwok and mono

Front 136

california history
prehistoric period
native americans of ca
material belongings were similar

Back 136

1. body garments and dress
2. subsistence on ag implements: mortar and pestle, metate, grinding slab, and digging sticks
3. houses (earth, bark, plank, and thatch and ceremonial houses (sweat, dance, menstrual)
4. weapons and tools: knife, adz, ax, maul, scraper, awl, and drill
5. textiles: bags, wallets, beadwork, and other designs
6. receptacles: baskets, pottery, wood, an stone bowls
7. musical instruments: drum, rattle, flute, rasp, and bow
8.money: clam, disks, and olivella shells

Front 137

california history
spanish conquest

Back 137

1. search for 7 cities of cibola by cortez in 1530's resulted in spanish exploration of the baja peninsula
2. cabrillo discovered san diego bay, the sb islands, point conception, and point reyes (1542-43_
3. drake, english explorer, sailed up ca coast in 1579 and claimed area for england
4. russian excursions along the northern american coast (1800s) resulted in renewed spanish efforts to colonize ca
5. spanish established ca missions

Front 138

ca history
spanish conquest
search for 7 cities of cibola by cortez resulted in spanish exploration of baja peninsula

Back 138

1. spain was interested in conquest and wealth
2. exploration centered on search for island inhabited by amazon like women who used gold weapons

Front 139

ca history
spanish conquest
cabrillo discovered san diego bay, sb islands, point conception, and point reyes

Back 139

1. searched for water passage between pacific and atlantic oceans
2. future voyages traveled entire coast of ca

Front 140

ca history
spanish conquest
drake, sailed up ca coast and claimed area for england

Back 140

1. threat from england compelled spain to colonize ca
2. spanish explorations discovered safe harbors at monterey and sf
3. for next 100 years, spanish colonization of ca was minimal

Front 141

ca history
spanish conquest
russian excursions along na coast reulted in renewed spanish efforts to colonize ca

Back 141

1. russian fur interests in alaska pushed south
2. established fort ross 80 miles n of sf bay in 1812 as a trading post
3. american govt viewed russian exploration of ca coast as threat
a. monroe doctrine (1823) restricted european colonization of americas
b. spanish reacted to potential russian, british, and american presence by establishing presidios (military forts) and pueblos (sm settlements) in valleys around sf bay

Front 142

ca history
spanish conquest
spanish established ca missions

Back 142

1. jesuits established five permanent settlements in baja in early 1700s
2. franciscan friars established 21 spanish missions along ca coast from san diego to sonoma ( one days journey apart at completion in 1823)
a. purpose was to convert indians to christianity, establish cultural and ag centers, and populate alta ca for spain. both sword and cross were used to subdue indians
3. father serra is credited with development of the mission system. lasting contributions were controversial
4. positive aspects of mission system
a. spread christianity
b. colonized ca
c. spread cultural and technological advances of spain
5. negative
a. dehumanization of indians
b. high infant mortality and suicide rates among indians
c. forced labor and virtual slave like conditions
d. indian self sufficiency never developed.
6. in about 1830 the mission system began secularization process. by 1836 most mission property was privately owned

Front 143

CA Missions
Purpose

Back 143

1. Create permanent and self-sufficient Spanish settlements in CA.
2Defend Spanish empire to the south in Mexico
3. Win Catholic converts among indigenous people.

Front 144

CA Missions
Organization

Back 144

1. Built in areas withhigh concentration of native population
2. CHurch, workshops, kitchens, living quarters, and storerooms constructed from materials on hand
3. Cultivation of cereal grains, grapes, fruit trees, and olives; raising livestock

Front 145

CA Missions
Positive outcomes

Back 145

1. Provided presidios (spanish garrisons) with food and goods
2. In some cases enjoyed great economic success
3. Gave Spanish a foothold in CA.

Front 146

CA Missions
Negative Outcomes

Back 146

1. Fatally exposed the Indians to European diseases
2. Destroyed native culture
3. Exploited indigenous labor force.

Front 147

ca history
mexican rule in ca

Back 147

1. after mexican independence from spain in 1822, ca residents exerted increased control in local political matters
2. land grant system and ranchos fueled independent action
3. mexican govt failed in attempts to dominate ca
4. by 1845, californios (provincial ca) expelled last of mexican governors
5. american trappers (jedediah smith) explorers (kit carson and joseph walker), and a variety of wagon masters opened ca to american settlement

Front 148

ca histoy
ca independence from mexico
migrations of american pioneer families in 1840s swelled american population in ca
1846 - 1848

Back 148

1. american poineers settle in san joaquin and sac valleys
2. increase demand that ca become part of us

Front 149

ca history
independence from mexico
president polk indirectly supported annexation of ca

Back 149

1. john c fremont, possibly acting on presidential orders, raised us flag near monterey, then retreated from the area
2. war was declared on mexico in 1846 (mexican war)
a. bear flag revolt prematurely captured ca
b. commander sloat captured monterey bay and claimed area for us
c. general stockton captured LA, governor pico and general castro retook area for mexico
d. stockton and kearney defeated pico and raised american flag over la in 1847
3. treaty if guadalupe hidalgo in 1848 transfered ca from mexican to american control

Front 150

ca history
gold discovered

Back 150

1. discovery of gold by james w marshall in 1848 changed political, social, and economic history of state
a. gold fever became natural phenomenon; ca settle population increased from 15000 in 1847 to 380,000 in 1860
b. population growth led to statehood (31 state)
2. compromise of 1850 allowed ca to be a free state
a. slavery was prohibited which upset balance of free and slave states
b. ca statehood became background issue for civil war

Front 151

CA 1848 - 1850

Back 151

1. CA ceded Mexico to the US (Treaty of Gudalupe Hidalgo)
2. Military Govt. established.
3. Discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848-Rush of 100,000 new immigrants
4. Deadlock in Washington over organizing CA as a territiory due to slavery debate
5. CA heldf constitutional convention of their own; Created an unofficial state govt; Slavery prohibited
6. CA admitted to the Union as a free state via Compromise of 1850.

Front 152

ca history
ca from civil war to turn of century

Back 152

1. completion of transcontinental railroad in 1869 made dream of manifest destiny come true
2. economic depression hit in 1870s cycle of boom and bust was begun
3. open hostility toward chinese erupted
4. ca land boom of 1880s swelled population again

Front 153

ca history
ca from civil war to turn of century
transcontinental railroad made manifest destiny come true

Back 153

1. central pacific met union pacific at promontory utah. immigrant labor was used. chinese on central pacific and irish on union pacific
2. big four (hopkins, crocker, huntington, and stanford) controlled railroad industry and most of ca politcal scene

Front 154

ca history
ca from civil war to turn of century
economic depression in 1870's; cycle of boom and bust begun

Back 154

. depression characterized by low wages, high unemployment, railroad abuses (unfair prices and rebates), and the restriction of water rights by land monopolies
2. collapse of bank of ca in 1875 (and other financial institutions) further weakened ca economy

Front 155

ca history
ca from civil war to turn of century
open hostility toward chinese

Back 155

1. they were blamed for most economic problems (backlash from mining and railroad frontier)
2. chinese exclusion act was passed in congress in 1882
3. by 1877, politicians, newspapers, an citizens urged open agitation the chinese in california
4. the workingmen's party was established. it was nativist, anti-chinese, and anti-big business
a. demanded constitutional convention and populist type reforms
b. ca constitution (1879) codified anti chinese legislation

Front 156

CA land Boom of 1880's

Back 156

1 Swelled population again
2. Ensued that the bank collapse in 1887 devastaed the economy
3. Hard times and econonmic retrenchment followed.

Front 157

CA and Immigrant Relations
1850

Back 157

fOREIGN mINERS tAX IMPOSED BY ca LEGISTAURE; $20 monthly tax on foreign miners.

Front 158

CA and Immigrant Relations
1854

Back 158

CA Supreme Court excluded al nonwhite races from testifying against a white person (case involved Chinese witness testifying in a murder trial)

Front 159

CA and Immigrant Relations
1879

Back 159

CA constitution denied voting rights to any native of china-repealed in 1926

Front 160

CA and Immigrant Relations
1884

Back 160

S.F. school board adopted separate but equal doctrine and segregated Chinese schoolchildren from all others.

Front 161

Early 20th Century CA
Immigration

Back 161

1. Mainly from Midwest led to dramatic population increaste

Front 162

Early 20th Century CA
Fears of Yellow Peril

Back 162

1. Japanese were imported in large numbers to work in ag; displaced Anglo workers and resentment grew.
2. Asians were restricted from naturalization at the turn of the century.
3. S.F. Board of Education segregated Caucasians and Asians in 1905
4. Resentment led to an international Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

Front 163

international Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

Back 163

1. Jap immigration to the US was voluntarily restricted (but measure was ineffective in reducing tension)
2. Integrated schools were permitted
3. Agitation against Asians continued.

Front 164

Early 20th Century CA
Populist reforms aimed to bring govt. closer to people

Back 164

1. Hiram Johnson was elected govenor and a reform program was initiated.
a. 23 amendments were added to CA constitution (1911)
b. Provisions included women's sufferage; initiative, regerendum and recall; workmen's compensation; a new railroad commission.

Front 165

Early 20th Century CA
Anti-Japanese

Back 165

1. Anti-Japanese agiation cont.
a. Ineligble for citizenship (national law), could not own land (the CA Alien Land act,
b. Us. Supreme COurt upheld anti Japanese legislation
3. Labor movement lost political power after an anarchist bombing in L.A -1910

Front 166

CA Progressive Reforms
1902

Back 166

la INTORDUCED THE INITIATIVE, REFERENDUM, AND RECALL TO CITY CHARTER

Front 167

CA Progressive Reforms
1909

Back 167

State legislature approved the DIrect Primary, taking choice of nominees from office out of hands of political machines

Front 168

CA Progressive Reforms
1910

Back 168

Progressive gobernor Hiram Johnson election along with a progreessive legislature

Front 169

CA Progressive Reforms
1911

Back 169

Initiative, regerendum, and recall added to ate's constitution
2. Railroad regulation
3. Regulation of all public utilities
4. Women granted to vote
5. Worker's COmpensation Law
6. Alien land Laq prohibited aliens not eligible for citizenship (Jap) from purchasing or leasaing land in CA.

Front 170

CA WW1 to 1930

Back 170

A. WW1 produced a new economic boom
1. Wages, production, manufacturing, and commerce expanded rapidly.
2. The panama Canal was opened in 1914 which extended international links
3. An influx of immigrants arrived in the 1920's.
a. Economic advances were tied to movie, oil and agricultural production in LA area.
b. A real-estate boom fueled the housing industry.
c. 1930, CA population had grown to 6 million, and increase of 65% during one decade. 6th most populas state
B. CA politcs were characterized as a power struggle between the north and south and between rural and urban areas.

Front 171

CA 1930 - 1960
Economic Collapse

Back 171

A. The economic collapse of 1930 resulted ion large-scale unemployment, bank failures, and foreclosures

Front 172

CA 1930 - 1960
Economic Collapse

Back 172

The economic downturn renewed the call for political reform
1. Upton Sinclair (a reform candidate) ran unsuccessfully for governor on a platform for political change
2. The Utopiam Society promoted economic and social reform
3. The Townsend Plan favored pensions for the aged and a graduated income tax.

Front 173

CA 1930 - 1960
Depression Era

Back 173

1. Dust Bowl migrants added more than 350,000 to the population
2. Economic and social problems, inluding homelessness, confronted the state.

Front 174

Impact of Great Depression on CA

Back 174

1. 375,000 Okies and Arkies migrated out of the Dust Bowl midwest to CA
a. 142 agricultural workers for every 100 jobs by 1934
b. Wages fell to $.15 per hour in the Imperial and San Joaquin fields
2. Mexican Repatriation
a. Competion for ag jobs made Mexican workers a target.
b. Mexican nationals and Mexican Americands deported or forcibly repatriated
3. Film Industry providing a relatively inexpensive ($.15 per ticket) escape from reality, increasing the popularity of Holly woood films.
4. Falling prices and rising surpluses forced production cuts in oil industry.

Front 175

US entry to WW2 brought economic revitalization to CA

Back 175

1. CCA's manufacturing base was greatly increased ( airplanes, ships, and other war products)
2. CA became the defense center of the nation

Front 176

Japanese-Americans relocated from coastal areas to inland detention camps

Back 176

1. 1942
2. Constitutional and moral questions were raised
3. Manzanar, a WW2 Relocation Center, became a national historic site in 1992.

Front 177

Defense Contracts followed the war fueled economic properity

Back 177

1. hUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF ARMED FORCES PERSONNEL MIGRATED TO ca.
2. tHE NEED FOR PUBLIC SERVICE INCREASED.
3. Pollution and water became political issues

Front 178

Impact of WW2 on CA
Economic

Back 178

1. Aircraft and shipbuilding industries boomed with defense work
2. 11.9% of all US govt. war contracts
3. 17% of all war supplies made in CA
4. Defense boom lasted through 3 decades
5. More military bases and installation than any other state
5. Oil and mineral resource production at max levels
6. New industries supported defense efforts throughout the state
7. Film industry increased production (entertainment and war propaganda movies)

Front 179

Impact of WW2 on CA
Social

Back 179

1. Tensions of war and rising immigration affected race relations
2. 1942: forced detention of thousands of Japanese and japanese americans
3. 1943: Zoot Suit Riots; Mexicans primary targets; African Americans and Filipinos also victimized

Front 180

Impact of WW2 on CA
Demographic

Back 180

1. Industrial growth prompted new wave of migration and population boom
2. 1940 population 6, 907, 3987.
3. 1942: Bracero Program initiated in CA farm fiels, started new wave of Mexican immigration (program lasted until 1964
4. 1950 pop 10,586, 223
5. 1969pop 12, 717, 204.

Front 181

Recent Developments in CA History
Economic advantages of CA

Back 181

1. THE GDP ranks CA number one in the nation
2. Th CA GDP ranks it among the top 10 countries in the world.
3. Vast natural resoruces (oil, timber, minerals) and abundant fertile land allow for future growth
4. CA leads the nation in manufacturing and agricultre production
5. The higher education system (J.C., state colleges and universities) is among the ginest in the nation

Front 182

Recent Developments in CA History
% primary econimc regions

Back 182

1. Hollywood (entertainment)
2. So Cal (aerospace
3. Central Valley ( agriculture)
4. Silicon Valley (computers/high technology)
5. Napa Valley. Sonoma Valley, Santa Barbra, and Paso Robles (Wine)

Front 183

Recent Developments in CA History
5 primary secrtors of employment

Back 183

1. Trade, transportation, and utilities.
2. Govt.
3. Professional and business services
4. Education and Health services
5. Lesiure and hospitality.

Front 184

Recent Developments in CA History
CA Water Delivery System

Back 184

1. Central Valley project brought water from Northern to Southern CA
a. A series of dams and reservoirs first started during the Depression
b. Shasta Dam is the largest water reclamation project in the state
3. LA Aqueduct brought water from Owens River to LA
a. William Mulholland spearheaded the controversial project
b. Negative impact on Owne valley and Mono Lake
c. Salton Sea helps irrigate the Imperial Valley
4. 75% of the states water resoureces originate north of Sacramento, 80% of the demand lies in the southern 2/3 of the state
5. Hetch Hetch Aquaduct provides water to Bay area; CA, La and Co aqeducts meet the water needs of LA and San Diego counties

Front 185

Ca Geography Represents Great Diversity

Back 185

1. CA extends 800 miles from north to south and ranges from 150 - 350 miles east to west.
2. CA borders Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and Mexico
3. Mt. Whitney at 14, 495 ft. is the highest peak in the continental United States; Death Valley is the lowest poin, at 282 feet below sea level.
4. CS shows dramatic changes in topagrphy.
5. CA geological evidences faulting , folding, alluvial and sedimentary depostion, and volcanic activity.
5. CA is a region of siemic actiivity San Andreas fault extends for 500 miles; fault moves north to south
6. Growing seasons extend throughout the year; a mild wet winter and a relatively long dry summer.
7. SO climate is characterizedf as Mediterranean and is unique in the US. The state has many diverse microclimates, thou generally the coastal climate is mild and teh interior is muych more extreme. The interior basins have the most extreme temps.
8. Few CA rivers ar mavigable. Notable rivers or the San Joaquin and the Sacramento ( and their tributaries), and the CO River

Front 186

The CA Coast Ranges

Back 186

1. There are mountains along the western coast of CA, extending from the Klamath Mountains in the north (oregfon border region) to the southwestern section of the Sierra Nevada
2. San Andreas Fault system divides this region along a north/south axis
3. The range is 550 miles long
4. Plant diveristy ranges from Giant redwoods in the north to chaparral in the south
5. Mountains are a series of parallel ranges fromed by sedimentary deposition uplifted by faulting and folding.
6. The climate ranges from low pressure arease that produce fog and rain in the northern sections to a mediterranean type condition in the south.

Front 187

The Klamath Mountains

Back 187

1. Located in the Northwester corner of the state
2. Extension of the Coast Ranges
3. Mountains are rugged, steepm and in the 6,00- 8,000 foot range
4. Receives heavy preciptiation, and dense forests cover the mountains

Front 188

Sierra NEvadas

Back 188

1. Range is 400 miles long and follws the eastern border of the state, forming the eastern wall of the central valley.
2. Formed by uplifiting and subsidence and are characterized as fault-block mountains. Backbone of the range isigneous rock.
3. They are the highest mountains in CA; peaks @ 13,000 feet; Mt Whitney is located at teh Southern End.
4. Peaks have sharp dro-offs on the eastern side and ahave been a barrier to east/west transportation; Mts. have gentle slopes on the western side, which has trapped water to teh benefit of Central Valley Ag.
5. Sierr Nevada streams cut deep valleys. Gold was discovered in these streams where it was eroded from the veins of rocks.
6. The SN cause a rain shadow effect: Clouds rise against the high mountains peaks, causing them to drop their moisture. This has created fertile valleyson the west side and a ddrty landscape on the east side
7. Ice age glaciers have created the current mountain profiles Yoesmeite National Parks U shaped valleys were craved by glacial action
8. S. Cals is dependent upon the average annual 70 inches of rain and snow that fall on the SN for its water Supply.

Front 189

Central Valley

Back 189

1. SAeparate the Sierra Nevada and coast range.
2. Extends from the northwest to the southeast for 400 miles and is an average of 50 miles wide.
3. The vvalley is flat, sedimentary plain; soil fertile and makes the valley the major ag region of the state
4. 60% of CA's farmland is located in the Central Valley
5. A majority of the state's water sooly is caught in the central valley as runoff from the SN.
6. The Sac. Delta, encompassing 1, 200 sq miles of waterways, is located where the Sac and San Joaquin rivers meet.

Front 190

Bas and Range.

Back 190

1. Short parallel mountain ranges and desert basins extends along the eastern botder of CA.
a The northern section is part of a lava plateay
b. The sourthern section is dry. The Mojave dDesert is the major geographical feature to the south
2. The northwest and southwest great basins, the Northwestern Sonoran Desert, and the Salton Sea Trough are significant areas in these region
3. Death Valley was frormed by faulting not erision.
4. System extends into Nevad and Utah
5. Irrigation with water from the CO river has allowed large scale farming in the Imperial and Coachell Valleys.

Front 191

The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau

Back 191

1. The sourthern extreme of the Cascade Range is located in the northeastern corner of CA. It extends 550 miles northward into Canada.
2. Separate from SN and is about 125 miles wide.
3. The Cascade mts. were formed exclusively by volcanic activity. Many like Mt. Shasta (14,162) are drmant or extinct.
4. Lassen Peak is the largest plug-dome (filled with magma) volcano in the world.
5. The modoc Plateau is level tableland of volcanic origin

Front 192

The Transverse and Peninsular ranges

Back 192

1. Extends from Santa Barbra to San Diego
The Transvers/LA ranges extend in an easterly direction from the caost. (all other CA ranges extend North and south.)
3. Ranges include Santa Ynez, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, and San Bernadino mountains.
4. The LA basin is the state's largest coastal basin and was formed by the alluvial depositiion of soil from the surrounding mountain ranges.
5. The Peninsular ranges extend from the San Bernardino Mountains in Baja CA and from the Pacific Ocean east to the Salton Sea Trough
6. The faulted eastern sections of the peninular ranges are characterized by sharp dropoffs. It is a complez region of active fault zones. Significant faults include the San Jacinto (near Palm Springs and the Elsinore

Front 193

U.S Geogrpahy

Back 193

1. The Gulf Stream, and atlantic warm water current, warms the East Coast in Winter and is responsible for excellent fishing
2. The southeastern Coastal Plain extends along the coast from New Jersey to Texas and is generally low land.
3. The piedmont (the foothills at the base of the Appalachian Mountains). the appalachian mountains and the Cumberland and Allegheny plateaus are in the eastern region of the US.
4. The NOrtheast, the Appalachians, the winds (prevailing westerlies) is an important influence on climate: In the winter cold air from the northwest produces freesing temperatures; in the summer, warm, moist southwesterly winds cause hot humid, weather

Front 194

U.S Geogrpahy
Interior is Flat

Back 194

tHE EASTERN HALF IS CALLED THE INTERIOR LOWLANDS AND THE WESTERN HALF IS CALLED THE gREAT pLAINNS.
2. tHE miSSISSIPPI riVER DRAINS THE INTERTIOR OF THE uNITED sTATES.

Front 195

U.S Geogrpahy
Crest of Rocky Mt is called teh Continental Diviode

Back 195

1. Rivers that begin east oc the Continentaly Divide flow toward the Atlantic OCean
2. Western rivers flow toward teh Pacific OCean.
3 The land between the rockies and the SN is called the Grat Basin

Front 196

U.S Geogrpahy
Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range

Back 196

1. Form the western mountain ranges.
2. Western slope of SN borders the Central Valley of CA
3. Coast Ranges form the western wall of the Central Valley.

Front 197

U.S. History
Exploration and Colonization
(1450-1763)

Back 197

1. The opening of new worlds was associated with age of discovery.
2. England developed permanent colonies in North America

Front 198

U.S. History
"Age of Discovery"
(1450 - 1763)

Back 198

1. European explorers in search of Asia discovered a new continent.
2. The "Age of Discovery" resulted in renewed European rivalry.
3. Spain, France, England, Portugal, and the Netherlands competed for land.

Front 199

U.S. History
England developed permanent colonies in North America
(1450 - 1763)

Back 199

1. Geographic diversity helped to create distinct economic regions.
2. The English colonies began to develop self govt.
3. The population of the colonies steadily increase.
4. The idea of free public education started in the colonies.
5. Class distinctions were less rigid that in England, a strong middle class emerged.
6. The most prevalant religion of the colonies was Protestant.

Front 200

U.S. History
Geographic diversity helped to create distinct economic regions
(1450 - 1763)

Back 200

1. The New England colonies were associated with shipbuilding and commerce.
2. The middle colonies were associated with farming and commerce.
f3. The southern colonies were associated with tobacco, cotton, and slavery.

Front 201

U.S. History
The English colonies began to develop self govt.
(1450 - 1763)

Back 201

1. The Mayflower Compact (1620) was the basis for govt. by the consent of the goverened.
2. The House of Burgesses (1619) was an early colonial attempt at representative self -govt.
3. The colonists demanded their rights as Englishmen.

Front 202

U.S. History
The population of colonies steadily increased
(1450 - 1763)

Back 202

1. Large families of 10 or more were common.
2. Steady immigration from abroad increased the overall population.
3. Europeans and Africans were the major population groups.

Front 203

U.S. History
The population of colonies steadily increased
(1450 - 1763)

Back 203

1. Large families of 10 or more were common.
2. Steady immigration from abroad increased the overall population.
3. Europeans and Africans were the major population groups.

Front 204

U.S. History
The most prevalent religion in the colonies was Protestant.
(1450 - 1763)

Back 204

1. A single, established church was not practical in America.
2. The decline of Puritanism led to a greater religous tolerance.

Front 205

US History
Education and class distinctions

Back 205

1. Free public education started in the colonies
2. Class distinctions were less rigid than in England, and a strong middle class emerged.

Front 206

US History
New England

Back 206

1. Massachusetts; Newhampshire, Rhode ISalnd, Conneecticut
2. Geogrphy: Mountainous; Rolling Hills, Rocky Soil, Cold to harsh winters, short summers, Ports on teh Atlantic
3. Economy: Shipbuilding, fisheries, commerce, lumbering. smal scale manufacturing.

Front 207

Us. History
Middle Colonies

Back 207

1. Penn. New York, Delaware, New Jersey
2. Geogrphy: Open to fertile plains, mild to cold winters, long summers, ports on the Atlantic.
3. Economy Large scale corn and grain prduction, Commerce, Small -scale manufacturing

Front 208

Us History
Southern Colonies

Back 208

1. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Corolina, Georgia
2. Geography: Broad fertile coastal pines, warm winters, long hot summers
3. Economy: Cash crop farming, tobacco, indigo, rice, No measurable manufacturing.

Front 209

U.S. History
The formation of the New Nation
(1763-1789)

Back 209

1. The French and Indian War (1756-1763) was a key turning point in England's domination over North America.
2. Background to the American Revolution (1763-1776)
3. The American Revolution (1776 - 1781) was fought to obtain independence.
4. The Articles of the Confederation (1781 - 1789) proved inadequate as a central govt.
5. The need for a stron central govt. led to the framing of the Constitution (1789).
6. The govt. under the Constitution solved many major problems.

Front 210

U.S. History
The French and Indian War (1756-63) was a key turning point in England's domination over North America.

Back 210

1. The English victory ended the French threat in America.
2. The English victory encouraged colonial America to seek a more active voice in its own affairs.

Front 211

U.S Geogrpahy

Back 211

1. The Gulf Stream, and atlantic warm water current, warms the East Coast in Winter and is responsible for excellent fishing
2. The southeastern Coastal Plain extends along the coast from New Jersey to Texas and is generally low land.
3. The piedmont (the foothills at the base of the Appalachian Mountains). the appalachian mountains and the Cumberland and Allegheny plateaus are in the eastern region of the US.
4. The NOrtheast, the Appalachians, the winds (prevailing westerlies) is an important influence on climate: In the winter cold air from the northwest produces freesing temperatures; in the summer, warm, moist southwesterly winds cause hot humid, weather

Front 212

U.S Geogrpahy
Interior is Flat

Back 212

tHE EASTERN HALF IS CALLED THE INTERIOR LOWLANDS AND THE WESTERN HALF IS CALLED THE gREAT pLAINNS.
2. tHE miSSISSIPPI riVER DRAINS THE INTERTIOR OF THE uNITED sTATES.

Front 213

U.S Geogrpahy
Crest of Rocky Mt is called teh Continental Diviode

Back 213

1. Rivers that begin east oc the Continentaly Divide flow toward the Atlantic OCean
2. Western rivers flow toward teh Pacific OCean.
3 The land between the rockies and the SN is called the Grat Basin

Front 214

U.S Geogrpahy
Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range

Back 214

1. Form the western mountain ranges.
2. Western slope of SN borders the Central Valley of CA
3. Coast Ranges form the western wall of the Central Valley.

Front 215

U.S. History
Background to the American Revolution
(1763 - 1776)

Back 215

1. The English mercantile policy discouraged colonial economic independence.
2. Colonial concepts of political and economic freedom were key factors leading to the American Revolution.
3. Colonial opposition to British actions steadily increased during this period.
4. The colonies used a variety of methods to change British actions; petitions, boycotts, and other measures were used.
5. The Declaration of Independence state the purposed for the colonies' break with England.

Front 216

U.S. History
The American Revolution
(1776-1781)

Back 216

1. Problemsof military effectiveness hindered the colonial effort.
a. Colonial armies were underequipped.
b. There was a widespread opposition to fixed military terms.
2. Washington's leadership turned the tide of the battle.
a. The French alliance (1778) brought needed men, equipment, and money to the American cause.
b. The defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown (1781) brought victory to the colonies.

Front 217

U.S. History
The Articles of Confederation (1781-89) proved inadequate as central govt.

Back 217

1. The Articles held the nation together during the critcal period.
2. The Articles were limited by major weakness.
a. The national govt. did not have the power to regulate foreign trade.
b. The national govt. did not have a court system.
c. The national govt. did not have an independent taxing power.

Front 218

U.S. History
The govt. under the Constitution solved many major problems.
(1789)

Back 218

1. A federal system was created that divided federal and state power.
2. Separation of powers and checks and balances were established to divide the power of the new govt.
a. The legislative, executive, and judicial branches were established to divide the power of the new govt.
b. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to protect the rights of the people.

Front 219

Proclamation Act

Back 219

1. 1763
2. Banned settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to the colonists
3. Colonial Reaction: Viewed as an attempt by the Brittish to deny colonists the right to own land where they pleased. Most colonists ignored the act.

Front 220

Sugar Act

Back 220

1. 1764
2. Import duties on sugar and other items were imposed.
3. Colonial Reaction: Colonists raised the issue of taxation without representation. Boston merchants started a boycott of Brittish luxury goods.

Front 221

Stamp Act

Back 221

1. 1765
2. Imposed the first direct tax on the American colonies, requiring a tax on all printed material.
3. Colonial Reaction:
1. Sons of Liberty used violence and intimidation against the British stamp agents.
2. The stamp act Congress sent a petition to King George 3.
3. The boycottextended to include all British goods.

Front 222

Stamp Act Repealed; Declaratory Act Passed

Back 222

1. 1765
2. The British Govt declared total power to legislated any laws governing the American Colonies
3. Colonial Reaction: Colonists celebrated the repeal of the Stamp Act; relaxed the boycott, but ignored the Declaratory Act.

Front 223

Quartering Act

Back 223

1. 1765
2. Required colonists to house British troops and supply them with food.
3.Colonial Reaction: Colonists in New York refused to comply.

Front 224

Townshend Revenue Act

Back 224

1. 1767
2. A new series of taxes imposed on paper, tea, glass, lead, and paint.
3. Colonial Reaction: Boycott against British luxury items; Sam Adams of Boston issued the "Circular Letter" to denounce taxation and coordinate reaction among the colonies.

Front 225

Boston Massacre

Back 225

1. 1770
2. A Boston mob harassed British Soldiers, who then fired point-blank into the crowd.
Colonial Reaction: Townsheand Acts repealed, and all duties on imports into the colonies were eliminated except for tea.

Front 226

Tea Act

Back 226

1. 1773
2. Maintained import tax on tea and gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly, allowing it to undersell American Mercchants.
Colonial Reaction: Colonial activists in Boston disguised themselves as Indians and dumped their cargo of tea into the harbor-Boston Tea Party.

Front 227

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

Back 227

1. 1774
2. Shut down the port of Boston, ended self rule in Mass. and create the New Quartering Act for all colonies.
Colonial Reaction: First continental Congress met and called for 1. noncompliance with Coercive Acts. 2. Foramtion of militias. 3. A Boycott of and embargo on exports to Britain.

Front 228

Lexington and Concord

Back 228

1. 1775
2. British troops searched out militia weapons depots to destroy them.
Colonial Reaction: Armed minutemen faced the British on Lexington green; 8 americans died, and 10 were wounded; at Concord the Continental Congress met and called for volunteers; George washington was appointed commander of teh colonial army.

Front 229

Fort Ticonderoga
May 10, 1775

Back 229

1. Commanders: (A): Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold (B); William de la Place
2. Outcomes: American Victory; Americans seized the fort's 100 cannons, which,, were badly needed by colonial forces.

Front 230

Bunker Hill
June 17, 1775

Back 230

1. Commanders: (A): Israel Putnam and William Pescott(B); William Howe
2. Outcomes: British Victory; British took the hill byt suffered huge losses compared to the Americans; Americans proved that they could stand up to the British army but war would not be won easily.

Front 231

Long Island
August 27, 1776

Back 231

1. Commanders: (A): George Washington and Charles Lee(B); William Howe
2. Outcomes: British Victory; Despite defeat, Washington calmly and confidently managed to surprise evacuation of troops across the East River to Manhattan.

Front 232

Trenton
December 26, 1776

Back 232

1. Commanders: (A): George Washington and Nathaael Greene (B): Johann Rall
2. Outcomes: American Victory; Victorious surprise attach on Hessian forces rallied; American spirit and confidence in Washington's leadership.

Front 233

Princeton
January 3, 1777

Back 233

1. Commanders: (A): George Washington (B); Charles Cornwallis and Charles Mawhood
2. Outcomes: American Victory; Encouraged the French govt. to send supplies to the Americans; In England, support for the war declined.

Front 234

Saratoga
October 17, 1777

Back 234

1. Commanders: (A): Horatio Gates (B); John Burgoyne
2. Outcomes: American Victory; France and Spain declared war on Britain; Further weakend the British govt. under Lord North.

Front 235

Yorktown
October 19, 1781

Back 235

1. Commanders: (A): George Washington , Comte de Rochambeau and Comte de Grasse(B); Lord Cornwallis and Banastre Tarleton
2. Outcomes: American Victory; Tarleton's surrender brought war to an end; Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America..

Front 236

Govt. Under the Articles of Confederation Ratified March, 1781

Back 236

1. Established the first governemt for the USA.
2. Negotiated successfuly the Treaty of Paris to end the revolutionary war
3. nPassed the Land Ordianance of 1785, creating a system for western land surveys and provisions for land sales
4. Passed the Northwest Ordinace of 1787, which established a process for western frontier regions to organize into territories and become new states.

Front 237

Problems with Articles Become Clear during the Critical PEriod after the Revolutionary War (1781 - 1789)

Back 237

1. Had to rely on requesting funds from the states.
2. Did not bind the together in a true union.
3. No centralized control over trade; Uniform tariffs could not be imposed; states could impose their own trade restiritions against other states.
4. 13 different currencies continued to exist
5. No authority to borrow money inside or outside the US.
6. Lacked balance in Congress between large and small states- All states given on vote, even though large states were expected to provide more financial support than small states.
7. Changes or amendements needed for unanimous approval
8. No executive authority to balance the power of Congress or ensure that laws of COngress were carried out.

Front 238

New Govt. The Constitution
Separation of Powers

Back 238

Executive, Judicial, and Legislative branches created

Front 239

New Govt. The Constitution
Checks and balances

Back 239

1. Executive: veto power over legislation; appont federal judges, ambassadors, and other government officials.
Legislative: Override presidential betos; approve presidential appointments; impeachment of president and federal judges.
Judicial: Legistlative oversight; independence guaranteed through lifetime appointments.

Front 240

New Govt. The Constitution
Federal System

Back 240

Shared between the central Govt and states.

Front 241

New Govt. The Constitution
Powers of Congress

Back 241

1. The power to tax, declare war, make treaties
2. Regulate trade, mint, and distibute a single currency; declare war.
3. Impose tariffs, and establish immigration laws
4. The poser to tax, borrow money and maintain the military forces of the nation.

Front 242

New Govt. The Constitution
The Great Compromise
1787

Back 242

1. Created a bicameral or 2 house, congress to balance the interests and influences of large and small states.
2. House of Reprensentaives: Represnetatives apportioned based on the size of their population.
3. Snate: All states granted 2 senators.

Front 243

New Govt. The Constitution
Bill of Rights

Back 243

Added to protect the rights of individuals and safeguard the soverignty of the states over their own affairs (1oth ammendment)

Front 244

New Govt. The Constitution
Amendements

Back 244

Established process or amendement that required 3/4th approval of the states and 2/3 of each house of congress.

Front 245

U.S. History
The Articles of Confederation (1781-89) proved inadequate as central govt.

Back 245

1. The Articles held the nation together during the critcal period.
2. The Articles were limited by major weakness.
a. The national govt. did not have the power to regulate foreign trade.
b. The national govt. did not have a court system.
c. The national govt. did not have an independent taxing power.

Front 246

U.S. History
The govt. under the Constitution solved many major problems.
(1789)

Back 246

1. A federal system was created that divided federal and state power.
2. Separation of powers and checks and balances were established to divide the power of the new govt.
a. The legislative, executive, and judicial branches were established to divide the power of the new govt.
b. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to protect the rights of the people.

Front 247

U.S. History
The New Nation
(1787 - 1823)

Back 247

. The early national period tested the new federal govt.
2. The War of 1812 (1812-1815) was fought between the U.S. and Great Britain.
3. The new nationalism (1816-23) followed the War of 1812.

Front 248

U.S. History
The early national period tested the new federal govt.
(1787-1823)

Back 248

2. Hamilton's financial plan led to the development of political parties.
3. Foreign policy during the early national period was weak and ineffectual.
4. The Lousiana Purchase (1803) became the greatest real estate purchase in U.S. History.

Front 249

U.S. History
Hamilton's financial plan placed the national govt. on a sound financial basis.
(1787-1823)

Back 249

. The national govt. paid back the state, national, and foreign debts to demonstrate the credibility of the new govt.
2. The national govt. encouraged American business expansion by passing excise taxes and a tariff.
3. The national govt raised revenue by initiating a tax on domestic whiskey.
4. The national govt authorized the use of coins and paper money to encourage the growth of commerce.
5. The national govt encouraged the development of a national bank to faciliate the expansion of business

Front 250

U.S. History
Hamilton's financial plan led the development of polictical parties.
(1787-1823)

Back 250

1. The Federalist part believed in the concept of a strong Federal govt ruled bu the manufacturing interests of the country (Hamilton). Favored the rich and wealthy.
2. The Antifederalist party believed in the concept of limited federal power based on the farming interests of the country (Jefferson). Developed a political philosophy that believed in the worth of the individual.
4. Federa;ost {artu favored the rich and the wealthy.

Front 251

U.S. History
The War of 1812 (1812-15) was fought between the U.S. and Great Britain

Back 251

1. Among the causes of the War of 1812 were violations of U.S. neutrality and impressment of U.S. sailors.
2. The U.S. victory resulted in national pride, self sufficiency, and foreign credibility.

Front 252

U.S. History
The new nationalism (1816-23) followed the War of 1812.

Back 252

1. The scope and authority of the Supreme Court were established during this period.
2. The Era of Good Feelings characterized the politcal successes of the Republican Party.
3. The Monroe Doctrine defined American interests in the Northern Hemisphere.
4. The new nationalism led to a development of a new American culture.
5. The removal of the British from the northwester frontier encouraged westward expansion.

Front 253

Early National Period: Political parties
Constitutional Powers

Back 253

Federalists (Hamilton): Loose Construction; Authority to do whatever is necessary and proper according to the COnstituion; Centralized authority in the national govt.
Democratic-Republican (Jefferson): Strict Constituion; Avoid tyranny by exercising only those powers expressly stated in the COnstituion; Decentralized authority ot the states.

Front 254

Early National Period: Political parties
Foundation of Nation

Back 254

Federalist: Expansion and growth; Banking; Investments in business; Manufacturing.
Demo'/Repub: Focus on yeoman farmers as the foundation of republicanism (sovereignty of the people.)

Front 255

Early National Period: Political parties
Foreign Policy

Back 255

Federalists: Pro-England; Conservative; Constitutional Monoarchy.
Demo/Repub: Pro-France, Revolutionary; Republicanism.

Front 256

The War of 1812 (1812-1815)
The U.S. vs. Great Britain
Causes

Back 256

1. Neutrality (Britain and France at War)
2. British seizure of American merchant vessels
3. British proactice of impressment-stopping US merchant ships and forcing American sailors into service for the British Navy.
4. Conflict over frontier land
5. British agiation of Native Americans against American settlement on the frontier
6. War Hawks in Congress advocated pushing the British out of the frontier and even expelling them from Canada.

Front 257

The War of 1812 (1812-1815)
The U.S. vs. Great Britain
Battles

Back 257

1.. Battle of Lake Erie (1813): Naval Battles led by Capt. Oliver Perry claimed Lake Erie for the US.
2. Battle of Baltimore (1814): British forces advanced through Washington DC and burned the capital. Britain failed to capture Fort Mc Henry, later immortaliazed the Star Spangle Banner.
3. Battle of New Orleans (1815); The final major battle of the war; it was fought after the war was already ended by the Treaty of Ghent. Andrew Jackson became an American Hero.

Front 258

U.S. History
The Rise of Democracy and the Western Movement

Back 258

1. Jacksonian democracy (1826-36) symbolized the rise of the "common man."
2. The Whig Party oppsed the Democratic Party's belief in states' rights and instead favored a strong national govt.
3. The territorial expansion of the U.S. reached from Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

Front 259

U.S. History
Jacksonian democracy (1826-36) symbolized the rise of the "common man."

Back 259

1. Jackson's war against the bank and the tariff were key issues for the new Democratic party.
2. Jackson initiated the spoils system in which political enemies are replaced by political friends.
3. Jackson pursued nationalistic policies.

Front 260

U.S. History
The territorial expansion of the U.S. reached from Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.

Back 260

1. The rise of the new West created opportunities in transportation, education, politics, mining, and agriculture.
2. Manifest Destiny encouraged U.S. expansion to the Pacific.
a. Texas was annexed to the U.S. in 1837.
b. The Oregon Territory was added to the U.S. in 1846 and encouraged settlement of the far west.
c. The Mexican War (1848)added California and parts of the Southwest to the U.S.
3. The trail of tears (1838 - 1839) was the result of the foreced relocation of Native Americans from tribal areas in the south to the Oklahoma territory.

Front 261

U.S. History
The Background of the Civil War and Reconstruction
(1800-76)

Back 261

1. Geographic and economic factors contributed to the growth of slavery.
2. The expansion of slavery was a political issue prior to the 1850's.
3. The failure of the politics of compromise led to war.
4. The Civil War threatened the Union (1861-65)
5. Reconstruction attempts to reunite the nation (1865-66)

Front 262

U.S. History
Geographic and economic factors contributed to the growth of slavery.

Back 262

The dependence on slavery and cotton created a unique Southern economy.
2. The development of the "Cotton South" led to sectionalism.

Front 263

U.S. History
The expansion of slavery was a political issue prior to 1850.

Back 263

1. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 limited the spread of slavery.
2. The annexation of Texas (1837) added ptential slave territory to the U.S.
3. The Mexican War (1848) was criticized as proslavery, an expansionist war.

Front 264

U.S. History
The failure of the politics of compromise led to war.

Back 264

1. The Compromise of 1850 failed to hold the nation together.
2. In the 1850's, slavery and sectionalism continued to threaten the Union.
3. The failure of the Kansas - Nebraska act (1854) led to bloodshed over the expansion of slavery.
4. The Dred Scott decison failed to solve the slavery question.
5. The election in 1860 of Lincoln, a sectional candidate, made seccession inevitable.
6. The Confederate states of America wer formed (13 southern states

Front 265

U.S. History
The Civil War threatened the Union (1861 - 65)

Back 265

1. The North and South prepared for war.
a. The North had an overall superiority in manpower, firepower, and economic resources.
b. The South had advantages in leadership and territory.
2. The Union strategy of isolating the South proved successful.
a. The Union blockade economically strangled the South.
b. The defeat at Gettysburg (1863) ended the Southern chances for foreign recognition.
c. Economic and military weaknesses led to Lee's surrender at Appomattox. (1865)

Front 266

U.S. History
Reconstruction attempts to reunite the nation (1865-66)

Back 266

1. Following the Civil War, the economic, political, social, and military reconstruction of the South was necessary.
2. The President and Congress differed on how to reconstruct the South.
a. Presidential plan emphasized tolerance for the defeated South.
b. Congressional (Radical) plan emphasized the use of military force in treating the South like a conquered territory.
3. Reconstruction was under Radical control from 1868 to 1876.
a. The 14 and 15 Ammendments were passed.
b. Civil Rights bills were passed.
c. Military rule supported Radical Reconstruction.
d. President Johnson was impeached for opposing Radical Reconstruction.
4. The disputed election of 1876 ended Radical Reconstruction.
a. Social justice for blacks received a setback.
b. The national commitment to equal opportunity was delayed 100 years.

Front 267

U.S. History
New Economy
(1876-1910)

Back 267

1. The industrial development of the U.S. was encouraged by Western expansion.
2.THe industrial growth of the U.S. was greatly expanded.
3. Industrialization reflected changing attitudes and conditions.

Front 268

U.S. History
The industrial growth of the U.S. was greatly expanded.
1750 - 1850

Back 268

1. Inventions promoted industrial growth.
2. Raw materials and geographic factors contributed to regional economic diversity.
3. The development of communication and transportation aided the industrial growth of America.
4. New methods of production such as the division of labor, standardized parts, the assembly line, and mass production fostered the expansion of industry.
5. Expanding markets at home and abroad encouraged industrial expansion.
6. The development of steel, mining, electric, petroleum, textile, and food-processing industries characterized the period.

Front 269

U.S. History
The industrial development of the U.S. was encourage by Western Expansion

Back 269

1. The settlement of the West was aided by the Homestead Act of 1862 and the transcontinental railroad (1869)
2. Western industries were based on mining, cattle, and grain.
3. Farmers and ranchers settled the Great Plains.

Front 270

U.S. History
Industrialization reflected changing attitudes and conditions.

Back 270

1. Mechanization and the factory system were introduced.
2. The growth of labor unions resulted from problems caused by industrialization.
3. Social, economic, and political changes became evident.
The rise of cities paralleled the industrial growth in America.
5. The need for govt. intervention increased.
a. The Sherman (1890) and Clayton (1914) Antitrust Acts restricted the power of giant corporations.
b. Workmen's comp laws, child labor laws, and regulations on working conditions and minimum wages were part of the congressional reform movement to improve the plight of the working man.
6. The need for conservation of natural resources was a result of the continued industrial growth of America.

Front 271

U.S. History
Spain's colonial power with its orignial geographic area in North America

Back 271

Southwest of North America
Florida

Front 272

U.S. History
England's colonial power with its original geographic area in North America

Back 272

Atlantic Coast of North America below Canada and set up 13 colonies. divided into New England, Middle, and Southern colonies with distinct geographical, cultural, and economic differences. Also, had colonies in the Caribbean.

Front 273

U.S. History
France's colonial power with its original geographic area in North America

Back 273

Mississippi River Region, the Louisiana Territory, the Great Lakes, and Canada

Front 274

U.S. History
The Netherland's colonial power with its original geographic area in North America

Back 274

small area in the Hudson River valley

Front 275

which English colony was not founded as a result of religous persecution?

Back 275

Georgia founded by James Oglethorpe was the last of the 13 colonies. brought debtors and former prisoners to provide a population base to protect Georgia from Spanish territorial expansion.

Front 276

why was maryland founded?

Back 276

for Catholic religous freedom.

Front 277

why was Rhode Island founded?

Back 277

extensive religous freedom for all religions

Front 278

why was Pennsylvania founded?

Back 278

provide religous freedom for the Quakers

Front 279

why was Massachusetts founded?

Back 279

religous freedom for Puritans

Front 280

why was Delaware founded?

Back 280

religous freedom for Quakers

Front 281

reasons why french aided english colonies during the American revolution.

Back 281

France saw the American Revolution as a means to weaken military and political power of England. weaker england would result in a stronger france. france still resented the loss of Canada to the english as a result of the Seven Years war. following the french and indian war, england became the greatest colonial, commercial, and naval power in the world. by 1779. both france and spain recognized the American colonies as a independent country.

Front 282

First Continental Congress

Back 282

met in 1774 to protest the Intolerable Acts. As a result of the Boston Tea Party (1773), Britain passed a series of acts designed to punish the colonists:
ended self rule in MAs.
closing the port of Boston
trying colonists for high crimes in England
quartering British troops in colonial homes.
Colonies refered to these acts as intolerable and demanded their repeal.

Front 283

power not written into the constitution but exercised by the supreme court in as early as 1803

Back 283

judicial review. exercised by the supreme court in the famous Marbury v. Madison case (1803). refers to the power of the federal courst to interpret the constitution and the courts to exercise checks and balances over the legislative and executive branches. In McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) the supreme court affirmed the right of congress to use implied powers and exercise the necessary and proper clause of Article I. the pwer to dtermine the number of court justices is given to congress.

Front 284

Hamilton's financial plan

Back 284

proposed a series of laws to protect the emerging industrial economy of the new nation. using power of fed govt to strengthen manufacturing interests of the country. came into direct conflict with the ag interests of the south. southern states were against expanding the power of the fed govt at the expense of the rights of the states. his plan for a protective tariff designed to protect emergent domestic industries against foreign competition angered the south. industrial sector of the country was primarily in the north. plan seemed to offer little benefit to the south. led to rise of political parties in the new nation. federalists (hamilton and adams) favored strong central govt and Antifederalists (Jefferson and Madison) favored strong state govt. plan passed an excise tax on whiskey, favored industrial segment of economy, and established a national currency.

Front 285

Federalism

Back 285

system based on a written constitution in which state and fed govt have distinct functions. national govt is sovereign (independent) in such matters such as interstate commerce, declaring war, and making treaties. unless there is a constitutional conflict, state govt are generally sovereign in matters of local control such as passing local and state laws. 10 Ammendment states that powers not granted to the federal goct by the Constitution exclusively, or denied to the states are reserved to the states.

Front 286

the war of 1812 was unpopular in the Northeast based on a vote in congress. why?

Back 286

impressment of american sailors by the british and continued british violations of the u.s. neutrality were leading factors in declaring war against england in 1812. northeast viewed the war as a land grab by those who favored war (western war hawks) who wanted to obtain canada for the U.S. The War of 1812 intensified the sectional interests developing in the country following the Revolutionary war. Federalists opposition harmed its credibility as political party and led to its demise. one important result of 1812 was that new nation gained international respect as a country.

Front 287

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Back 287

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 intensified both the antislavery debate and the abolitionist attitudes in the U.S. portrayed vivid tales of injustices and inhumanities of slavery. turned public opinion against slavery by the civil war and sold over 2 million copies. south condemned the book as an unfair portrayal of southern life.

Front 288

Dred Scott Decision

Back 288

1857, Supreme Court case that prohibited slaves from suing the Federal govt on the grounds that slaves were not citizens injustice was overturned by the 14 Amendment

Front 289

reasons for industrial expansion in the northeast following civil war

Back 289

available resources, efficient transportation, abundant supplies of power, and excellent access to markets. access to great lakes and ports for foreign shipments
availablity of cheap labor

Front 290

vast majority of immigrants to the u.s from 1840 to 1880 primarily came from?

Back 290

10 million came from northern and western europe. refered to the "old" immigration.

new immigrants cam e from eastern, central, and southern europe

Front 291

most revolutionary impact on economic development in the American west during the 19th century

Back 291

barbed wire becuase resulted in much open range land being privately owned, encouraging the development of stock farming, centralization, and town building. doomed the open cattle range making it possible for thousands of homesteads to fence off land preventing cattle from destroying crops

Front 292

Andrew Johnson's presidency duing Reconstruction

Back 292

1866-67 reconstruction policy of leniency to the defeated south angered and frustrated the radical republicans in control of congress. vetoed a number of bills designed to protect the freedom of the former slaves. among the acts vetoed were the acts creating the Freedmen's Bureau and several civil rights acts. over the opposition of Johnson, congress passed reconstruction acts that divided the south into five military districts, disenfranchised white southern males, and forced states to ratify the 14 ammendement, which extended citizenship to former slaves. constitutional crisis resulted when johnson removed a govt official in violationof the tenure office act. house impeached johnson bu he was acquitted by one vote in the senate.

Front 293

Doctrine of Nullification proposed by John C Calhoun

Back 293

tariff of 1832 led to the nullifcation crisis. John C Calhoun, vp of the U.S., supported south carolina's nullification legislation that allowed a state to nullify an act of congress. said that the fed govt could not collect the tariff. crisis was averted with the compromise of 1833. although the tariff was lowered, President Jackson threatened to send in Federal troops to stop nullification. south carolina repealed the ordinace of nullification and constitutional crisis was averted. issue intensified in a sectional issue that would lead to the civil war. only supreme court has the final constitutional authority to declare state and federal laws unconstitutional. according to the doctrine of nullification, the power to declare and act of congree unconstitutional rested with the state legislature.

Front 294

major military strategy of the north was based on geographically dividing the south at?

Back 294

northern control of the mississippi river would effectively isolate five southern states from the Confederacy (louisiana, mississippi, arkansas, tennessee, and texas). controlling the mississippi would geographically split the confederacy and limit the supply avenues open to the south. military strategy of the north was based on the south having to fight a defensive war. same approach led to the blockade of the southern coast with the fall of vicksburg in 1863, mississippi came under union control.

Front 295

court decisions during the era of chief justice john marshall (1801-35) shaped the role of the Supreme Court in the national govt. how

Back 295

Marshall served for 34 years as chief justice.

marbury vs. madison

mculloch vs. maryland

Front 296

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Back 296

1819, congress had chartered a national bank. state of maryland opposed the concept of a national bank and placed high taxes on the bank. bank's officer refused to pay the tax and maryland sued the national govt for payment.
two main questions before the court. 1. did congress have the authority to establish a national bank? 2. if congress had such authority did the state have the authority to tax a federal institution?

courts decision established the concept of implied powers or powers not directly stated in the constitution. court stated that congress has the authority to make all the laws that are necessary and proper and therefore a national bank is constitutional. court also stated that a state does not have the authority to tax a federal institution. significance of this decision is that it strengthened the national govt and limited the powers of the states.

Front 297

principle of separation of powers

Back 297

constitution distributes power so that it is shared and that no one branch of govt can become all powerful. by having three distinct branches of govt. with specific powers, the possibility of abuse of power is reduced. structure also engourages broad deliberation before legislation is passed.

Front 298

legislative branch

Back 298

congress is responsible for making laws, power to declare war

Front 299

executive branch

Back 299

president is responsible for enforcing the laws, can veto acts of congress

Front 300

Judicial branch

Back 300

courts are responsible for interpreting the laws, declare acts of congress unconstitional

Front 301

Westward Expansion
1812-1820
Louisana territiory

Back 301

Loiusiana, Moussouri andded to the Union

Front 302

Westward Expansion
1812-1820
MIssissippi Territory

Back 302

Mississippi and Alabama added to the Union

Front 303

Westward Expansion
1812-1820
Old Northwest

Back 303

Indiana, IL, added to the union

Front 304

Westward Expansion
1821
Florida

Back 304

Purchased from Spain

Front 305

Westward Expansion
1830's
Old Southwest

Back 305

Cleared of all remaining Native American resistance; Trail of tears marked the removal of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctw, Chickasaw, and Seminole to the Oklahoma Territory.

Front 306

Westward Expansion
1848
Mexican Cession

Back 306

Mexican-American ware ended in victory for the US; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo cede Utah, NV, CA, AZ and NM to the US.

Front 307

Westward Expansion
1848
Pacific Northwest

Back 307

Northwest boundary dispute with Britain settled; Oregon territory organized

Front 308

Westward Expansion
1850
Michigan Territory

Back 308

Michigan added to the Uniton

Front 309

Westward Expansion
1850
Louisiana Territory

Back 309

Arkansas, Iowa, and Wisconsin added to the Union

Front 310

Westward Expansion
1850
Republic of Texas

Back 310

Texas annexed and added to the Union

Front 311

Westward Expansion
1850
Pacific Coast

Back 311

CA added to the Union.

Front 312

Causes of Civil War
Social=-Econom ic Differences between North and South

Back 312

1. SOuth: ERconomy dependent on King Cotton and slave labor. Northern criticism viewed as an attack on Southerners' entire way of life.
2. North: Econmy more industrial than ag; based on free labor; Modernity and progress, no future for feudal Southern Society.

Front 313

Causes of Civil War
States Rights Vs. Federal authority

Back 313

1. South: Doctrine of nullification; states could nullify federal laws
2. North: Rejected nullification; Constituion made federal govt. suprem

Front 314

Causes of Civil War
Expansion of Slavery

Back 314

1. SOuth Cotton exhausted soil of the old south expansion key to the south's survival; New slave states admitted (MIssouri, Kansas., and Texas
2. North: Expansion of slavery westward-would US ever rid itself of slavery; No more slave states in the Union; CA admitted as a free state in 1850.

Front 315

Major Battles of the civil war
1861
Fort Sumter

Back 315

1. Union Maj. Robert Anderson; Confedierate Gen PGT Beauregard
2. Fort Bombarded' surrendered by Anderson; Opening battle of the war.

Front 316

Major Battles of the civil war
1861
First Battle of Bull Run

Back 316

1. Union: Gen Irvin McClellan; Confederate: General Joseph Johnston
2. Union forces expected a quick victory and a short war overall; routed by confederates; the war would go on.

Front 317

Major Battles of the civil war
1862
Antietam

Back 317

1. Union Fen. George McClellan; Confedierate: Gen Robert E Lee
2. Fist battle fought on Northern soil; Mc Clellan beat back Lee's invasion on the bloodiest single day in the war; Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

Front 318

Major Battles of the civil war
1863
Gettysburg

Back 318

1. Union: General George Meade; Confederate: Gen. Robert E. Lee.
2. Lee launched a second invasion of teh North; Meade refused to pursue Lee, and the war continued; Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg address; victory at Gettysburg made Northern victory inevitable.

Front 319

Major Battles of the civil war
1863 Vicksburg

Back 319

Union: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant; Confederate: Lt. Gen John C Pemberton
2. Union victory cut off the wester theater from the South and split the confederacy at teh MI River.

Front 320

Major Battles of the civil war
1864
Sherman's March to Sea

Back 320

1.. Union: Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman; Confederate Lt. Gen. John Bell hood
2. sherman's troops captured in Atlanta and pushed ahead to capture Savannah. The brutality of these battles and the burining of Atlant left a legacy of bitterness toward the North.

Front 321

Major Battles of the civil war
1865
Battle of Appomattox Courthouse

Back 321

1. Union: Gen Ulysses S Grant; Confederate: Gen Robert E Lee
2. Final engagement of the ward; ended with Lee's surrender to Grant

Front 322

Presedential Reconstruction

Back 322

1. Abrham Lincoln/Andrew Jackson
2. With Malace toward None
3. Amnesty Plan-Southerners pardoned
4. Confederate states must ratify the 13th amendment, nullify state secession ordinances
4. South must repudiate all debts owed by the Union to the Confederate States.
5. Provisional governors to protect rights of freedmen.

Front 323

Congressional Reconstruction

Back 323

1. Thaddeus Stevens/Charles Sumner
2. Punish the South
3. South divided into 5 miitary districts.
4. States must ratify the 14th amendment-equal rights to freedmen
5. State constitutions include a gurantee of full suffrage to freedemen
6. 15th amendment-Right to vote for freedmen