Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name the steps of the Scientific Method |
1. State the Problem 2.Form a hypothesis 3.Observe and experiment 4.Interpret the data 5.Draw conclusions |
|
|
What is an Experimental Group? |
A group of subjects upon which a hypothesis is tested. |
|
|
What is a Control Group? |
a group which resembles the experimental group in all other ways, but on which the hypothesis is not tested, (In some clinical trials control groups are given a placebo.) |
|
|
Beaker |
containing fluids- not a real accurate measure |
|
|
Graduated Cylinder |
long narrow cylinder which gives very accurate measurements |
|
|
Bunsen burner |
controlled flame- could be used as a catalyst or a change in states of matter. |
|
|
Balance |
you put someone on one side and then you put weights on the other side to see how heavy something is- same gravity on moon than on earth. |
|
|
Scale |
measures pull of gravity- different reading on moon than on earth. |
|
|
Density Formula |
Mass Volume |
|
|
How to measure: Mass Volume |
Mass- the balance Volume- water displacement |
|
|
What is matter?
|
anything that takes up space |
|
|
The law of conservation of energy
|
states that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it simply changes form |
|
|
Elements |
a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still has properties of that element. |
|
|
Structure of an atom
|
Neutrons- neutal, in nucleus, 1 amu Electrons- negative- outside nucleus- EXTREMELY small |
|
|
Explain unbalanced ions
|
negatively charged ion= more electrons |
|
|
What is an isotope?
|
an atom with a different number of neutrons than its normal amount (changing neutrons only changes mass not charge) |
|
|
How to remember the different between ion and isotope:
|
*Ion is a really small word- electrons is a really small particle *Isotope is a bigger word- neutrons are bigger particles |
|
|
Atomic Mass
|
the amount of matter that makes up an atom. You can estimating by adding its total number of protons and neutrons |
|
|
Atomic number
|
number of protons a particular type of atom has. The atomic number defines the element. If you change the protons you change the whole element. |
|
|
Radioactive decay
|
most isotopes decay back into their normal forms over time- a process called halflife |
|
|
How is the periodic table organized?
|
Atomic properties are organized by row- the mass increases as you move left to right. The columns are loosely arranged by chemical properties. |
|
|
What's a compound?
|
substance composed of two or more elements |
|
|
Explain Ionic Bond
|
a bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other gains an electron to form a negative ion, creating an electrostatic force which holds them together.
|
|
|
Explain Covalent Bond
|
a bond formed when atoms share one or more of their valence electrons. |
|
|
Chemical Change
|
the chemical composition of a substance is altered
|
|
|
Catalyst
|
something that starts a chemical reaction such as a spark |
|
|
Solution
|
Homogeneous mixture- one substance dissolves into the other EX) salt water |
|
|
Suspension |
small particles are dispersed in the surrounding area- muddy water in a river- but they can still be separated. |
|
|
Physical change
|
Reasons: Temperature, pressure |
|
|
Gas laws
|
Charles law and Boyles Law |
|
|
Charles law is
|
as temp goes down volume goes down- as temp goes up volume goes up |
|
|
Boyle's law
|
pressure goes up, volume goes down. Volume goes up, pressure goes down |
|
|
What is pH
|
Basic- bleach, toothpaste, eggs, hand soup Acidic- fruit, soda, battery acid |
|
|
Motion Speed Velosity Acceleration |
Speed- change in rate of motion-- speed= distance/ time Velocity- speed and direction-- represented with a vector Acceleration- change in velocity (speed) |
|
|
Newtons 1st law of motion
|
The Law of Inertia
An object in motion (or at rest) stays in motion (or in rest) unless acted upon by a net external force * On earth, gravity is an external force. |
|
|
Newtons 2nd law of motion |
The law of acceleration * Force= mass x acceleration |
|
|
Newtons 3rd law of motion
|
The Law of Reciprocal Actions For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
|
|
What forces cause change in motion?
|
Gavity, Magnetism, Friction |
|
|
What is energy and how is it measured?
|
the capacity to do work- measured in calories |
|
|
Potential Energy |
Potential-stored energy |
|
|
The law of conservation of energy
|
energy changes form but is not created or destroyed |
|
|
Examples of Renewable resources Nonrenewable resources Natural resources |
Nonrenewable- oil, fuel, coal Natural- anything found in nature that is useful to humans; water, timber, minerals, anything mined, anything cut down for building materials, etc. |
|
|
What is theory of relativity
|
space and time are relative concepts, not absolute |
|
|
What is Quantum Theory?
|
matter and energy have the properties of both particles and waves |
|
|
Electromagnetism
|
electricity and magnetism can be used to create each other |
|
|
Electrolysis
|
|
|
|
Temperature
|
the measure of the kinetic energy in a substance’s molecules. Simply put, temperature is atomic motion. * The faster the atoms move the hotter it gets |
|
|
Thermal Energy
|
Energy that comes from heat- it depends on the quantity of a substance. * A bathtub at 90 degrees has more thermal energy than a cup of coffee at 120 degrees. The energy needed would be greater to heat the bathtub. |
|
|
Heat Transfer
|
Conduction, convection, and radiation
|
|
|
Conduction
|
occurs when heat is transferred due to fast moving atoms and molecules colliding with slower ones in the neighboring region.
|
|
|
Convection |
*
occurs when cooler portions of a liquid or gas flow in to take the place of hotter, rising portions. * liquids and gases |
|
|
Radiation
|
*
occurs when heat is transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves. * high intensity reaction |
|
|
What are the difference sources light can come from? |
Light can come from a variety of sources, including the sun, light bulbs, and excited atoms. * When external radiation bombards certain types of elements, the excited atoms fluoresce, giving off electromagnetic energy, often in the form of light. |
|
|
Waves are...
|
a progressive disturbance propagated from point to point (with regularity between points). * Terms like wavelength, amplitude, and frequency are useful in describing waves. |
|
|
Different parts of a wave...
|
Crest- The top of a wave Trough- the bottom of a wave Amplitude- the distance between the crest and the trough Wavelength- the distance between one crest and the next successive crest. Frequency- How often a crest passes a given point per second. * The two things that can cause a wave to have a higher frequency is speed and wavelength. |
|
|
Radio waves vs Ultraviolet radio waves vs x-rays
|
Radio wavelengths pass through your skin with no problems Ultraviolet radio waves damage your skin. Short and long wave lengths x-rays are worse than ultraviolet light because they have a shorter wavelength. |
|
|
Reflection
|
light occurs when light returns after bouncing off an object
|
|
|
Refraction
|
light occurs when light is bent while passing from one medium (solids, liquids, gases) into another Moves at million of miles per hour * rainbows |
|
|
What does matter do to light?
|
generally matter absorbs ligh, and what we see as color is the particular wavelength that is not absorbed |
|
|
The greenhouse effect |
Greenhouse gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane warm the earth by trapping some of the heat radiated from the Earth’s surface.
|
|
|
Sound waves
|
sound waves is how sound travels. They are slower than light waves- less than 8mph. Sound cannot travel in outer space because there is no air for the waves to propagate through to reach your ear.
|
|
|
The Doppler effect
|
The motion of objects emitting or reflecting sound waves- it changes their frequency. |
