Cset Prep Biology Subtest Iii

Front 1

Transformation

Back 1

Prokaryotic cell takes up genetic information from surrounding environment

Front 2

Transduction

Back 2

Virus transfer genetic information from one prokaryotic cell to the next

Front 3

Conjugation

Back 3

Genes are transferred from one prokaryoic cell to the next

Front 4

Photoautotrophs

Back 4

An organism that uses light energy and converts this to food by synthesizing organic compunds from it

Front 5

Photoheterotrphs

Back 5

An organism that uses light to generate ATP but requires organic sources in order to obtain carbon

Front 6

Chemoautotrophs

Back 6

An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source and can synthesize energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules

Front 7

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 7

An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon
-most common

Front 8

Obligate Aerobes

Back 8

Organisms that require O2 in order to survive

Front 9

Facultative Anaerobes

Back 9

Organisms that use O2 if it's present but don't require it

Front 10

Obligate anaerobes

Back 10

Organisms that are poisoned by O2

Front 11

Glycolipids

Back 11

Oligosaccharides (carbohydrate sugars) that are bound to lipids
-similar to glycoproteins
both are used in cell cell signaling and are part of the phospholipid bi layer

Front 12

Hypertonic

Back 12

H2O with higher conc of solutes- cell loses H20 to surrouding envorpnment

Front 13

Hypotonic

Back 13

H20 with a lower concentration of solutes- cell sucks in water from environment

Front 14

Facilitated diffusion

Back 14

Gated channels that must be opened in order to aloow various ions through them- generally requires ATP

Front 15

Active Transport

Back 15

a pump is required to move molecules across the phospholipid bilayer UP a concentration gradient

Front 16

Diffusion

Back 16

-Passive transport
-Hydrophobic molecules and small uncharged polar molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer

Front 17

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 17

-Passive transport
-Hydrophilic substances including H2O diffuse through membranes with the assistance of transport proteins
Gated channels that must be opened in order to aloow various ions through them- generally requires ATP

Front 18

Active Transport

Back 18

Some transport protiens acts pumps, miving substances across a membrane against the concentration gradient, energy for this is supplied by ATP
Ex: Sodium, potassium pump

Front 19

Protein Role in Cell Signlaing

Back 19

Transmembrane proteins such as glycoproteins play huge role in communicating between cells and passing info from ECM to inter cellular locations, do this by changin shape or aggregating when a specific ligand binds to it
-Membrane bound receptors
Ex: G-protein coupled receptors which active enzymes are 7 membered transmembrane proteins

Front 20

Tyrosine Kinase Pathway

Back 20

Transmembrane protein that consists of two receptor polypeptides, which when activated create a phosphorylated dimer which can then cause a phosphorylation cascade

Front 21

Gated Ion Channels

Back 21

Lignad bind to these channels changing their conformation and allowing ions to flow in to the cell

Front 22

Role of Smooth ER in Secretion

Back 22

Enzymes in smooth ER remove phosphate group from glucose which is the biproduct of glycogen hydrolysis which is a process done by the liver to remove wastes, this makes it possible for the glucose to enter the blood strream
The ER also adds hydroxyl groups to drugs and toxins to make them more soluble

Front 23

Role of Rough ER in Secretion

Back 23

Stores and helps to maintain secretory proteins formed by the ribosomes until they are ready to be shipped to the Golgi Apparatus for futher modification

Front 24

Krebs Cycle

Back 24

Takes place in the Mitochondria and completes respiration by changing pyruvate to CO2

Front 25

Role of Mitochondrial Inner Wall in respiration

Back 25

Contains ATP synthetase which ascts as a mill powered by H+ which turns ADP into ATP

Front 26

Enzyme

Back 26

A catalytic protein that changes the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed to start the reaction with out being consumed by it

Front 27

Substrate

Back 27

The reactant an enzyme acts on- enzymes are substrate specific
-Enzyme speceficity is due to the shape of the protein is it made of

Front 28

Competetive Inhibition

Back 28

A molecule mimics the substrate of a specific enzyme by binding the active site and preventing the real substrate to do so

Front 29

Noncompetetive Inhibition

Back 29

A molecule binds to another part of the enzyme creating a conformational change that prevents the substrate from binding to the active site

Front 30

Feedback Inhibition

Back 30

Build up of a product from some pathway inhibits further substrate binding in order to slow or stop the process

Front 31

Diffusion

Back 31

-Passive transport
-Hydrophobic molecules and small uncharged polar molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer

Front 32

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 32

-Passive transport
-Hydrophilic substances including H2O diffuse through membranes with the assistance of transport proteins

Front 33

Active Transport

Back 33

Some transport protiens acts pumps, miving substances across a membrane against the concentration gradient, energy for this is supplied by ATP
Ex: Sodium, potassium pump

Front 34

Protein Role in Cell Signlaing

Back 34

Transmembrane proteins such as glycoproteins play huge role in communicating between cells and passing info from ECM to inter cellular locations, do this by changin shape or aggregating when a specific ligand binds to it
-Membrane bound receptors
Ex: G-protein coupled receptors which active enzymes are 7 membered transmembrane proteins

Front 35

Tyrosine Kinase Pathway

Back 35

Transmembrane protein that consists of two receptor polypeptides, which when activated create a phosphorylated dimer which can then cause a phosphorylation cascade

Front 36

Gated Ion Channels

Back 36

Ligand binds to these channels changing their conformation and allowing ions to flow in to the cell

Front 37

Role of Smooth ER in Secretion

Back 37

Enzymes in smooth ER remove phosphate group from glucose which is the biproduct of glycogen hydrolysis which is a process done by the liver to remove wastes, this makes it possible for the glucose to enter the blood strream
The ER also adds hydroxyl groups to drugs and toxins to make them more soluble

Front 38

Role of Rough ER in Secretion

Back 38

Stores and helps to maintain secretory proteins formed by the ribosomes until they are ready to be shipped to the Golgi Apparatus for futher modification

Front 39

Krebs Cycle

Back 39

Takes place in the Mitochondria and completes respiration by changing pyruvate to CO2

Front 40

Role of Mitochondrial Inner Wall in respiration

Back 40

Contains ATP synthetase which ascts as a mill powered by H+ which turns ADP into ATP

Front 41

Enzyme

Back 41

A catalytic protein that changes the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed to start the reaction with out being consumed by it

Front 42

Substrate

Back 42

The reactant an enzyme acts on- enzymes are substrate specific
-Enzyme speceficity is due to the shape of the protein it is made of

Front 43

Competetive Inhibition

Back 43

A molecule mimics the substrate of a specific enzyme by binding the active site and preventing the real substrate to do so

Front 44

Noncompetetive Inhibition

Back 44

A molecule binds to another part of the enzyme creating a conformational change that prevents the substrate from binding to the active site

Front 45

Feedback Inhibition

Back 45

Build up of a product from some pathway inhibits further substrate binding in order to slow or stop the process

Front 46

Anabolic Pathways

Back 46

Consume energy in order to build larger things from smaller components
Ex: Synthesis of proteins from AA
-Endergonic processes
-Allos the body to grow and cells to differentiate

Front 47

Catabolic Pathways

Back 47

Metabolic processes of breaking down molecules in to smaller units
-necessary in order for anabolic processes to take place
Ex: Fatty acids-->carbon
Nucleic Acids-->nucleotides
Protiens--> AA

Front 48

3 Main Functions of Nervous System

Back 48

-Sensory input
-Integration
-Motor output

Front 49

White Matter

Back 49

Outter region of spinal chord consists of motor and sensory axons

Front 50

Gray matter

Back 50

Center of spinal chord which consists of cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons

Front 51

Glia

Back 51

Supporting cells
-Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in CNS
-Schwann cells in PNS

Front 52

Ganglion

Back 52

A cluster of nerve cells with a similar function, in the PNS

Front 53

Myelin sheath

Back 53

The support material around the neuron

Front 54

Membrane potential

Back 54

- inside cell (more K+, less Na+ and Cl-)
+ outside cell (less K+, more Na+ and Cl-)
Changes in the membrane potential lead ot nerve impulses- ion channels open or close to change potential which inties a nerve impulse

Front 55

Homeostasis

Back 55

Ability of animals to adjust internal environment in response to external environmental changes
Osmoregulation (water intake and secretion-excretory system), Thermoregulation

Front 56

Negative Feedback Loop

Back 56

A change in the variable being monitored that triggers the control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction (once it is cold enough the body turns off the cooling system)

Front 57

Positive Feedback Loop

Back 57

Involves a change in some variable that triggers mechanisms that amplify the change

Front 58

Hormones

Back 58

-Digestive
-Osmoregulation (ADH-signals to hypothalamus to relax or constrict blood vessles)
-Reproductive
-Androgens (males)
- Estrogens (female)
- Progestins (female-uterus health)

Front 59

Humoral Immunity

Back 59

Involves B cell activation and results from the production of antibodies that circulate in the blood
-Circulateing antibodies defend against free bacteria, toxins, and viruses present in body fluid
2 Mechanisms of B Cell activation
-T Cell Independent
-T-Cell Dependent

Front 60

B cell Function

Back 60

Work by making antibodies against soluble antigens

Front 61

Cell Mediated Immune Response

Back 61

Defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing the infected cells or cancer cells

Front 62

Euchromatin

Back 62

Less tightly packed form of eukaryotic DNA in the chromosome- can be transcribed

Front 63

Heterochromatin

Back 63

More tightly packed DNA in the central region of the eukaryotic chromosome- can not easily by transcribed

Front 64

Chiasma

Back 64

The crossing over sturucture between two sister chromatids (Meiosis)

Front 65

Mendel
Law of Segregation

Back 65

Alternative trait factors that came together in the offspring will seperate again when the offspring produce gametes

Front 66

Mendel
Law of Dominance

Back 66

Hybrids between two alternative forms of a trait resemble one of the parental types

Front 67

Mendel
Law of Independent Assortment

Back 67

Difference for one trait are inherited independetly of differences for another trait

Front 68

Genetic Drift

Back 68

Random change in allelic frequency ina population

Front 69

Hard-Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 69

Sexual reproduction does not cause a decrease in genetic variation, instead the variation remains constant from one generation to the next

Front 70

Mutualism

Back 70

2 or more species interacting, all of which benefit from the interaction

Front 71

Commensalism

Back 71

2 or more species interacting, one of which benefits from the interaction while the others are neither harmed nor helped by it

Front 72

Parasatism

Back 72

Interaction of 2 or more species in which one species is harmed while the other species benefits