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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathologies associated with BG dysfunction
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Huntingtons chorea
Parkinson's disease |
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Huntington's Chorea
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Damage in the BG pathways may reduce excitatory input from subthalamic nucleus to the globus pallidus, which in turn leads to decreased inhibitory input to the thalamus. This can result in abnormal increase in involuntary movement- HYPERKINESIA
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Parkinson's disease
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degeneration of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra results in the reduction of the availability of dopamine. Results in reduced motor movements- HYPOkinesia
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anterior lobe of cerebellum
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recieves large proportion of its afferent inputs from the SC and plays a role in coordinating TRUNK and LIMB movements
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Flocculonodular Lobe of cerebellum
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recieves afferent inputs from the vestibular system and is involved in controlling eye movemets and postural adjustments to gravity
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Posterior lobe in cerebellum
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receives majority of its afferent input from the cerebral cortex by way of transmission through the middle cerebellar peduncle. plays important role in coordination of voluntary movmements
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vestibulocerebelum also known as
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flocculondular lobe
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damage to cerebellum can lead to
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ataxic dysarthria, characterized by irregular articulatory breakdown, slow rate prosodic changes, harshness, excessive loudness, voice tremor.
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roof of the midbrain is made up of
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superior and inferior colliculi
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crus cerebri also known as____ and made up of
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cerebral peduncle; corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine fibers decending to the spine
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tegmentum contains
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all ascending and many descending systems of the SC or lower BS
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Important part of Pons
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Cerebellar peduncles- attatchement to the cerebellum
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Medulla "bulb"
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refers to the motor fivers of CN that terminate in the brainstem nuclei
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Pyramidal decussation-
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formed by the "crossing over" to the opposite side of motor fibers traveling from the precentral gyrus to the SC
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Anterior (ventral) SC columns
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Motor Fibers
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Dorsal SC colums
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ascending sensory fibres
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Dermatomes
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Body maps. Areas of the skin innervated by afferent fibers from a single spinal cord segment
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Reflex arc
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sensory neuron can synapse with motor neuron in reflex arc or can synapse with an interneuron
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Interthalamic adhesion
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when two parts of the thalamus touch
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what forms the lentiform nucleus?
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Putamen and Globus pallidus
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Structures that make up the Basal Ganglia
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Caudate Nucleus
Putamen Globus Pallidus Substantia Nigra Subthalamic Nucleus |
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What does the Thalamus do?
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Sensory relay station. All sensory information (besides smell) reaches the CC via a synaptic stop in some part of the thalamus.
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Hypothalamus functions
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involved in limbic system functions. Critical to autonomic and endocrine function. Controls emotions (rage, agression, escape behavior). Regulates body temperature, food/water intake, sex, sleep. Pitutary Gland
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Amygdala involved in
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emotional processing
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hippocampus involved in
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memory
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Caudate nucleus and putamen are grouped together and called
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striatium
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Imput to the BG through...
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Striatum; recieves afferents from all four lobes of the crtex, thalamic nuclei, and the pars compacta part of the substantia nigra
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Output of BG
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projected to the thalamus, brainstem, reticular formation, superior colliculus, and cortical motior areas in the frontal lobe.
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Basal Ganglia function
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movement coordination/sequencing,
voluntary movement |
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damage to the caudate and putamen results in
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articulatory sequencing deficit, neurogenic stuttering
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what stabilizes the shape and position of the CNS?
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meninges suspend CNS. Layers of CSF within the meninges provide buoyant fluid environment so brain stays undistorted and maintains it shape
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Meningeal layers that enclose brain and spinal cord
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Dura Mater
Arachnoid Pia Mater |
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two layers of Dura mater
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Periosteal (against bone of skull)
Meningeal Layer (below, above arachnoid) |
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What divides the cranium
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meningeal layer invaginates. invaginations divide intracranial space and support the brain
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Falx cerebri
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between cerebral hemispheres. free edge follows the CC
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tentorium cerebelli
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transverse septum separating the occipital lobe from the cerebellum
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Falx cerebelli
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septum between the cerebellar hemispheres
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Arachnoid
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does not follow contours of the brain, saran wrap-protective barrier
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How is the arachnoid anchored to the pia membrane?
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Arachnoid Trabeculae
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Arachnoid + Pia is called
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leptomeningies
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sub arachnoid space is filled with
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CSF
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what are larger CSF-filled pockets where brain and skull further apart called?
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sub arachnoid cisterns
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Pia-arachnoid follows individual blood vessels
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Into CNS tissue for a very short distance (perivascular space)
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Pia Mater
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tightly adheres to the brain and SC. follows all contours
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Spinal dural/arachnoid sheath extends to S2. this is called the...
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Lumbar cistern
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Meningitis
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can be viral or bacterial. assessed by lumbar puncture
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Subdural hematoma
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bleeding near dura arachnoid interface
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what happens to the brain during a subdural hematoma?
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rigid dura mater can compress brain structures (Falx and tentorium
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How are the lateral ventricles connected to the 3rd ventricle?
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Interventricular Foramen/ Foramen of Monro
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Choroid Plexus
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secrets CSF. Projects into lateral ventricles on the medial aspect
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how is third ventricle connected to the fourth ventricle?
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through the cerebral aqueduct of the aqueduct of Sylvus
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Chorid plexus is located
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at the roof of the third ventricle
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the third ventricle is located
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in a small slit between the two thalami
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fourth ventricle has 3 openings
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two lateral foramina of Luscka
median foramen of Magendie |
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function of the 3 openings of 4th ventricle
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CSF enters the subarachnoid space through these openings
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subarachnoid space
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located around the entire CNS, between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
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Arachnoid trabeculae
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extends from the arachnoid to the pia mater. filled with CSF
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inner walls of ventricles lined with a layer of
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ependymal cells
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ependymal cells that line the ventricles are Glial cells that
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prevent infusion of external substances into the CSF
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CSF aids in
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-regulation of intracranial pressure
-nourishment of the nervous tissue -removal of waste products |
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Draining CSF from subarachnoid space
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pressure sensitive process- emptying into superior sagittal sinus
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Rate of CSF production
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is independent of its absorption and interventricular pressure because it is continually produced even after an interruption in its drainage into the sinus system
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hydrocephalus etiologies
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1. increased production of CSF
2. blocking of the drainage passage (where CSF reaches subarachnoid space) 3. impaired absorption of the CSF |
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hydrocephalus: sustained pressure
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causes enlargement of the ventricles- damage to the surrounding vital cortical tissues
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if hydrocephalus occurs in infancy
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increased CSF pressure can cause enlargement of the cranial vault.
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Vertebral arteries give 3 major arteries
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posterior spinal
anterior spinal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) |
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Basilar artery branches
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Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
INternal auditory (labrynthine) artery Superior cerebellar artery Posterior Cerebral Artery |
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what links the two systems in the circle of willis
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Posterior communicating artery
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what links the bilateral internal carotids?
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anterior communicating artery
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junction between two arterial systems
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Anastamoses
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cortical arteries of the circle of willis
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Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Middle Cerebral artery (MCA) Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) |
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Symptoms of ACA interuption
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paresis and anethesia of legs and feet.
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Frontal lobe symptoms of ACA interruption
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disordered thinking, reasoning, self-monitoring
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MCA supplies
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entire lateral surface (all lobes including insula), all auditory regions, speech motor regions, language regions
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interruption symptoms of MCA
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Aphasia syndromes, reading writing deficits, hemi-neglect, sensory integration, loss of speech motor control, contralateral hemiplegia and hemi anesthesia of facial, trunk, or limb regions
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PCA cortical supply
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anterior and inferior temporal lobe, uncus, inferior temporal gyri, inferior and medial occipital lobe
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occlusions symptoms of PCA
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visual deficits or cortical blindness
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sub-cortical supply of PCA
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Midbrain and large portion of thalamus
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Central arteries that arise fro the MCA
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Lenticulostriate
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what does lenticulostriate supply?
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basal ganglia
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what branches off vertebral artery?
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Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
also, Posterior Inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) |
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anterior spinal artery
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joins to from a single artery on the VENTRAL surface. supplies 2/3 of spinal cord
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interruption of the anterior spinal artery
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affects motor nuclei and sensory/motor tracts
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3 types of vascular pathologies
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occlusive vascular
hemorrhange arteriovenous malformations |
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hardening of arterial walls
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Atherosclerosis
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insufficient blood supply or blocked arterial lumen, with decreased or stopped blood flow.
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Ischemia
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temporary interruption or insufficient blood circulation to the brain
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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
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Treatment for ischemic stroke
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blood thinning medication
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compensation for atherosclerosis
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high blood pressure (hypertension)
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Embolism
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blockage in distal artery with a narrow lumen
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embolus
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detatched part of thrombosis, which enters the blood stream and eventually blocks a small end artery
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Thrombosis
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localized buildup of fatty substances and blood platelets. build up is gradual
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Results from ruptured blood vessels
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Hemorrhagic strokes
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3 types of hemorrhages
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Intercerebral hemorrhage
subdural hematoma aneurysm |
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localized balloon-like dialation of an artery
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aneurysm
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Blood vessel ruptures in the arachnoid tissue
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subdural hematoma
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space occupying lesions involving the rupturing of an intracranial artery
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intercerebral hemorrhage
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arteriovenus malformations
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tangled arteries and veins become connected in a localized area. with age they become large and are susceptible to hemorrhaging
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arteriovenus malformations cause
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seizures. depending on location, may also cause language impariments, motor speech disorders, visual disorders, sensory loss, and hemiplegia
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superficial veins drain into
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superior sagittal sinus and cavernous sinus
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what are sinuses?
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large spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura
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deep veins drain into
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Great vein of Galen
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purpose of a blood brain barrier
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prevents macromolecules in the blood from leaving the capillaries and leaking into the extra cellular space of the brain
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what is an astrocytes purpose in the BBB
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regulate the flow of nutrients and metabolites between the neuron and capillary
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where in the brain do BBB NOT exist?
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the circumventricular organs
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when does CNS reach development of their full number of neurons?
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25th week of gestation
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dendrites of the neuronal begin to develop
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a few months before birth and are primative at birthd
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primary germ layers give rise to
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tissues and organs
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what are the primary germ layers?
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ectoderm
mesoderm endoderm |
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ectoderm
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gives rise to the epidermis and the nervous system
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mesoderm
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gives rise to muscle, connective tissues, cartilage, bone, and blood vessels
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when does neural tube close?
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4th week
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what is primary neurolation?
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neural tube closure. happens at 4th week. tube closes rostrally, then caudally
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What does the neural crest develop into?
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sensory neurons of the spinal ganglia, some cranial nerves, postganglionic neurons within the autonomic nervous system, and the schwann cells and satellite cells of the PNS
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what does the neural tube develop into?
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the entire CNS and its cavity becomes the ventricular system in the brain
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list the primary vesicles at the end of the 4th week
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Prosencephalon,
Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon |
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what do the somites develop into at the end of the 4th week>
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cranial to 4th pair- develops into the brain
caudal to 4th pair becomes primative spinal cord. |
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5 secondary vesicles at the end of the 6th week
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Telencephalon
DIencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myencephalon |
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telencephalon develops into
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cerebrum
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diencephalon is made up of
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thalamus and hypothalus
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mesencephalon does not divide and develops inot
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midbrain
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metencephalon becomes
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pons and cerebellum
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myencephalon becomes
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medulla
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spinal cord does what until the end of the 3rd month of development
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extends the entire length of the developing vertebral column
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at birth the end of the spinal cord is located
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at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra
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elongated bundle of nerve fibers at the end of the SC
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Cauda equinus (horse's tail)
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defective closure of neural tube at secondary neurolation
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Spinal Bifida
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defective closure of neural tube rostrally
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anecephally; fatal
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what is anecephaly?
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brain developing outside of the skull; not protected by skull, only skin
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central fissure fails to develop
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holoprosencephaly
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malformation not related to defective neural tube closrure?
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absence of CC, due to fetal alcohol syndrome
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malformation caused by defective proliferation or migration of neurons:
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liseencephaly (smooth brain)
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Bilingualism
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more grey matter volume in the left and right IPL in early biliguals compared to monolinguals and late bilinguals
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dyslexia
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increased activation in certain brain regions after behavioral remediation in dyslexia
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acquired childhood aphasia also known as
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landau-kleffner syndrome
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aquired childhood aphasia defining sign
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seizure behavior,and/or abnormal EEG discharge from one or both temporal lobes
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acquired childhood aphasia deficits
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may look deaf due to comprehension difficulties,
both expressive and receptive deficits, mutism in some cases, may look like TBI |
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Specific Language Impairmeent
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significance expressive and/or receptive language disorder with normal performance in other skills
Highly heterogeneous in type and severity as defined by SLPs |
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pervasive developmental disorders
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developmental language disorders and are categorized by specific behaviors and social components
childhood disintegrative disorder rett syndrome asperger's syndrome PD-NOS Autism Specturm Disodre |
