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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A unique area of study is
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discipline
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an area of practice
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profession
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any loss or abnormality is referred to as
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impairment
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Approx how many people have a communication disorder
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46 million
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What word refers to a social, educational, or occupational disadvantage that results from an impairment or a disability?
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Handicap
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A person with a hearing impairment might not be able to communicate well on the telephone, even when he or she is wearing a hearing aid, this person is considered to have a
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disability
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Speech, language, speech-language pathology, hearing sciences, audiology, are all major components of
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CSD
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Communication involves an exchange of both
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Sender and a receiver
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An impairment is classified under
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communication disorder
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Communication abilities that differ from those usually encountered in the mainstream culture are
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communication differences
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How does a discipline differ from a profession
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A discipline is a unique area of study whereas a profession is a specific area of practice.
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A hallmark of the discipline of CSD is that it is based on sound specific principles and research findings.
What term do we use today to describe how decisions professionals make about clinical service delivery are guided? |
Evidence-based practice
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How did World War II affect CSD?
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World War II served as a catalyst for the advancement of the field of audiology and fostered a union among the fields of audiology and speech pathology.
-lots of war veterans were having problems from being so near the loud explosions |
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How can you differentiate between a communication disorder and a communication difference?
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A communication disorder is a communication structure or function that is diminished to a significant degree and a communication difference is when communication abilities differ from those usually encountered in the mainstream culture even though there is no evidence of impairment
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What are some common speech disorders in children and/or adults?
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Common speech disorders in children and/or adults include articulation and phonological disorders, fluency disorders, phonatory disorders, and cleft palate.
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How can you differentiate between language delay, developmental language disorder, and acquired language disorder?
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A language delay is associated with growth spurts that enable children to catch up to their same age peers by the time they are 5 years old. A language disorder is associated with continued language impairment beyond the age of 5 years of age. An acquired language disorder is a language impairment that is associated with a known cause, most often a brain lesion and is most likely to occur in adults.
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What are the different ways of regulating the professions of speech-language pathology and audiology?
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There are basically two ways in which individual professionals are regulated: licensure and certification.
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What are the differences between certification and licensure?
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Certification is a procedure by which an individual is affirmed as meeting a standard that is usually administered by a professional organization or a governmental agency. Licensure will refer to fully credentialed speech-language pathologists and audiologists as defined by an individual state.
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What are some important functions of the American Speech Language- Hearing Association?
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ASHA engages in numerous activities designed to serve the needs of its members as well as individuals with communication disorders. Some of these activities include research dissemination, public relations and lobbying for CSD professionals and the public they serve. Another useful function of ASHA is making information available to its members and other interested individuals, including students.
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What is the difference between language production and comprehension?
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In language production, senders encode their thoughts into a language code that expresses the speaker’s thoughts. This is usually produced in speaking or writing. Comprehension is a process that involves the interpretation of words and sentences that are heard or read.
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What is the critical difference between these terms: phonemes, syllables, and morphemes?
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Phonemes are the individual consonants or vowels that comprise words. When you change the phonemes in a word, you change the meaning. Syllables are usually combinations of phonemes. Morphemes are the smallest grammatical units of a word. For example, the word “babies” has four phonemes /b, e, b, i, z/ two syllables (ba-bies), and two morphemes (the free morpheme baby and the bound plural morpheme s).
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What linguistic systems are involved in language form, language content, and language use?
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Language form involves the systems of phonology, syntax, and morphology; language content involves the language system of semantics, and language use involves the system of pragmatics.
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Why can't we pinpoint the language abilities a child should have at 3yrs and 9months of age?
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All children learn language at different rates. There is a general pattern of development that most children follow, but there is a great deal of variation in the speed at which children develop.
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What are some examples of sounds that may be difficult for children to produce at the time they enter kindergarten?
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/∫ (sh), θ (voiceless th), s, z, ð (voiced th), l, r, (ge as in garage)/.
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Cleft palate is an example of
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organic disorder
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Dementia is an example of
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impairment
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Accreditation
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a procedure that recognizes educational institutions or facilities providing services to the public as maintaining and conforming to necessary standards.
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Licensure
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a procedure that grants legal permission for an individual to practice in a specific area, usually a profession, and affirms that standards have been met.
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Communication Difference
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communicative abilities that differ from those of other individuals in the same environment in the absence of an impairment.
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Certification
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a procedure by which an individual is affirmed as meeting a standard that is usually administered by a professional organization or governmental agency.
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Communication Disorder
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sometimes used as a synonym for impairment, and other times as a synonym for disability. Refers to any communication structure or function that is diminished to a significant degree.
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Certificate of Clinical Competence
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a certificate issued by ASHA in either speech-language pathology or audiology that affirms the individual has met the minimal standards for practice in the profession
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Discipline
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unique area of study; compare with profession.
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Ethics
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the principles of conduct that govern an individual or a group. ASHA has an official code of ethics, and members can be censured or they can lose their membership in the association for ethical violations.
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Profession
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area of practice
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Organic
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disorder with a known physical cause
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Functional
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disorder with no known physical cause.
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Acquired disorders
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disorder that occurs after speech and language skills have been developed.
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Deaf education
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Deaf educators teaching academic subjects to children and adults with severe to profound hearing impairments
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Developmental disorders
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Speech and language disorders that occur after birth (during childhood).
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Disability
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a reduced ability to meet daily living needs.
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Evidenced-based practice
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Making assessment and treatment decisions by integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
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Handicap
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a social, educational, or occupational disadvantage that is related to an impairment or disability. This disadvantage is often affected by the nature of the person’s impairment and by the attitudes and biases that may be present in the person’s environment
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Impairment
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any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function.
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Communication disorder
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Sometimes used as a synonym for impairment, and other times as a synonym for disability
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Communication sciences and disorders (CSD)
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A discipline that consists of two professions (speech-language pathology and audiology). The professions are composed of people who study the nature of communication and communication disorders and who assess and treat individuals with communication disorders.
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Continuing education units (CEUs)
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Documentation that affirms a professional person has engaged in new learning related to his or her area of practice that is often required for renewal of a license.
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Efficacy
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Research showing that a therapy procedure is helpful
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Prevalence
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Percentage of individuals in a population who demonstrates a disorder at a given point in time.
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Semantics
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the meaning of individual words (lexical semantics) or the meanings that are expressed when words are joined together (relational semantics)
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Communication
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any exchange or meaning, whether intended or unintended.
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Language
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a standardized set of symbols and the conventions for combining those symbols into words, phrases, and texts for the purpose of communicating thoughts and feelings.
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Phoneme
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a speech sound that can change meaning.
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Allophone
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a variant of a phoneme that does not change meaning
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Syllable
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a basic unit of speech production that must contain a vowel
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Prosody
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changes in pitch, stress, intensity, and duration of sounds during connected speech
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Language Form
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language form refers to the structure of language including syntax, morphology, and phonology.
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Phonology
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rules that govern how sounds are combined to create words
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Morphology
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the part of grammar that concerns the study or morphemes (the smallest units of meaning).
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Syntax
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conventions related to the way words are ordered to create sentences.
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Language Content
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refers to the meaning of language (semantics).
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Lexicon
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a mental dictionary of words
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Language Use
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refers to the social aspects of language, which are also called pragmatics.
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Pragmatics
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conventions related to the use of language in various speaking situations.
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Babbling
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prespeech vocalizations
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Reduplicated babbling
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babbled sequences in which the same syllable is repeated (e.g. bababa).
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Variegated babbling
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babbled sequences in which the syllable content varies
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Voicing
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vibration of the cocal folds during the production of a phoneme
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Phonological processes
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simplifications of adult-like productions of words.
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Genre
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A literary style (narration, description, persuasion, mystery, horror, fairy tale, etc.).
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Idiom
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expressions that have both literal and figurative meanings
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Metaphor
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expressions in which words that normally designate one thing are used to designate another
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Phonological awareness
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knowledge of the sequence of sounds that make up words (soup starts with an “s”)
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Language context
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the situation in which language is used, including the immediate environment of the speaker and listener and past experiences that each brings to the situation.
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Attempt
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In an episode, information about the actions that the main character takes to achieve his or her goal
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Canonical babbling
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Around the age of 7 months, infants start to use their voice to make syllable-like strings.
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Expressive jargon
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Babbling in an adult-like intonation pattern. Sequences of syllables sound like statements or questions, but they contain few real words
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Acculturation
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the process of learning a second culture.
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AAE
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African American English
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BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills)
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language proficiency at a level that requires low cognitive load in situations that are highly contextualized
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CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency)
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language proficiency at a level that requires high cognitive load in situations that are decontextualized
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Accent
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a particular nonnative stress on syllables in words, which connotes that influence of a second language
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Bilingual
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use and comprehension of two languages. Level of proficiency in each language may be different across situations, communicative demands, and over time.
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Circumstantial bilingual
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someone who becomes bilingual as a result of living in a bilingual environment. May come about due to forced migration or for economic reasons such as traveling to another country to find work.
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Code switching
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the alternating use of two languages at the word, phrase and sentence level with a complete break between languages in phonology
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Culture
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the set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a group of people that guide how individuals in that group think, act, and interact on a daily basis.
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Dialect
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variation of a language that is understood by all speakers of the “mother” language. May include sound, vocabulary, and grammatical variations
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Elective bilingual
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refers to someone who learns a second language by choice
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Mismatch
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refers to a discrepancy between child socialization and expectations for the home language interactions and school language interactions
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Sequential bilingual
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a second language is introduced after the primary language is established.
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Simultaneous bilingual
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two languages are acquired early in a person’s development
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Socialization
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the degree to which one is able to interact with others following appropriate social norms
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Socioeconomic status
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a family’s socioeconomic status is based on family income, parental education level, parental occupation, and social status in the community
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Cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)
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Language proficiency at a level that requires high cognitive load in situations that are decontextualized
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Communicative demand
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The expectations of a specific language interaction
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Grammatical patterns
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Rule-governed organization of words in sentences
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Jim Crow segregation
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The legalized segregation (from about 1900 through the 1960s) barring African Americans from public and social interaction with whites.
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Adduction
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when the vocal folds come together
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Afferent
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axonal fibers that conduct impulses toward the central nervous system
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Basal Ganglia
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a group of subcortical structures that include the putamen, globus pallidus, and caudate that contribute to the control of motor behavior
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Bernoulli effect
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as the velocity of airflow increases, pressure decreases with total energy remaining constant
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Broca’s Area
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Brodmann’s area 44 located on the third frontal gyrus anterior to the precentral face area.
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Cerebral hemispheres
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tow major parts of the cerebrum joined by the corpus callosum.
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Coarticulation
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overlapping of articulatory and acoustic patterns of speech production due to the anticipation or retention of a speech feature
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Corpus Callosum
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pathways joining the cerebral hemispheres
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Efferent
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conduction away from a central structure
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Extrapyramidal Tract
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indirect motor pathway made up of networks of neurons
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Formant
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a resonance of the vocal tract
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Fundamental frequency
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the lowest frequency (first harmonic) of a complex periodic waveform.
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Glial cells
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support cells of the nervous system
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Glottis
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opening between the vocal folds
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Gyri
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folds of the cerebral cortex
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Harmonic
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an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency.
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Meninges
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tissue coverings overlying the central nervous system
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Myelin
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white fatty covering of an axon
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Neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers of the nervous system
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Prosody
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the intonation and rhythm of a spoken language
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Pyramidal tract
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major motor pathway from cerebral cortex to brainstem and spinal cord.
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Resting expiratory level
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mechanically neutral position of the respiratory system.
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Rolandic fissure
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fissure that divides posterior frontal lobe from anterior parietal lobe.
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Source-filter theory
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an acoustic theory of speech production that states a sound energy source is modified by the filter characteristics of the vocal tract
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Sulci
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furrows of the cerebral cortex
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Sylvian fissure
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horizontal fissure superior to the temporal lobe
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Thalamus-
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structure located at either side of the third ventricle; responsible for sensorimotor integration and sensory projection to the cerebral cortex
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Werenicke’s area
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posterior part of first temporal gyrus important for auditory processing and comprehension
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Communication sciences and disorders is considered a/an
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Discipline
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Manner, place and voice describing
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Consonants
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The smallest grammatical unit that has meaning is known as a/an
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Morpheme
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The etiology of an individual’s phonological disorder is due to a hearing impairment and would be classified as having
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Organic etiology
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___________is defined as a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a group of individuals.
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Culture
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Learning the basic conversational skills of another language typically takes
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12-36 months
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If an individual stutters when speaking the Worth Health Organization (WHO) would classify this individual as having a _________.
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Impairment
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