Cscs Chapter 2 - Sean

Front 1

Bionenergetics

Back 1

flow of energy in the biological system; concerns primarily with the conversion of macronutrients into energy

Front 2

catabolism

Back 2

release of energy

Front 3

anabolism

Back 3

building up process (formation of proteins from amino acids)

Front 4

Exergonic Reactions

Back 4

energy releasing reactions (catabolic)

Front 5

Endergonic Reactions

Back 5

Require energy an include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle

Front 6

Metabolism

Back 6

total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system

Front 7

ATP

Back 7

Adenosine triphosphate allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions

Front 8

Hydrolysis

Back 8

breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy. It is called hydrolysis because it needs water.

Front 9

ATPase

Back 9

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP

Front 10

Myosin ATPase

Back 10

the specific enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for cross-bridge recycling

Front 11

Calcium ATPase

Back 11

pumping calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 12

Sodium-potassium ATPase

Back 12

maintaing the sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization.

Front 13

ADP

Back 13

Adenosine diphosphate- product of ATP hydrolysis

Front 14

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Back 14

further hydrolysis of ADP yields this

Front 15

Anaerobic

Back 15

processes that do not require the presence of oxygen

Front 16

aerobic

Back 16

mechanisms that depend on oxygen

Front 17

Phosphagen system

Back 17

provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities (sprinting) and is active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity

Front 18

CP?

Back 18

Creatine Phosphate- phosphagen system relies on the breakdown of this.

Front 19

PCr?

Back 19

phosphocreatine (another term for creatine phosphate, which is relied upon by the phosphagen system to breakdown for energy)

Front 20

Creatine Kinase

Back 20

Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP

Front 21

Adenylate Kinase (myokinase) reaction

Back 21

single-enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP. Important because AMP (product of myokinase) is a powerful stimulant of glycolysis

Front 22

Law of Mass Action (AKA Mass Action Effect)

Back 22

the concentrations of reactants or products (or both) in soution will drive the direction of the reactions.

Front 23

Near-equilibrium reactions

Back 23

proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the reactants due to the law of mass action

Front 24

Glycolysis

Back 24

breakdown of carbohydrates (either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood) to resynthesize ATP

Front 25

Pyruvate

Back 25

end result of glycolysis. Can either be converted to lactate or shuttled into the mitochondria

Front 26

Anaerobic glycolysis

Back 26

AKA Fast glycolysis, occurs when ATP resynthesis is at a faster rate, but is limited in duration

Front 27

Aerobic Glycolysis

Back 27

AKA slow glycolysis, ATP resynthesis rate is slower, but can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough

Front 28

Lactate

Back 28

formation from pyruvate catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase

Front 29

Metabolic Acidosis

Back 29

process of an exercise-induced decrease in pH, may be responsible for much of the peripheral fatigue that occurs during exercise.

Front 30

Wet Muscle

Back 30

muscle that has not been desiccated (or dried)

Front 31

Cori Cycle

Back 31

Lactate can also be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose.

Front 32

Mitochondria

Back 32

Specialized cellular organelles where the reactions of aerobic metabolism occur

Front 33

Reduced

Back 33

refers to the added hydrogen in glycolysis

Front 34

Phosphorylation

Back 34

process of adding an inorganic phosphate (P0 to another molecule

Front 35

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 35

resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain

Front 36

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 36

describes the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways

Front 37

Allosteric Inhibition

Back 37

occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate and slows product formation

Front 38

Allosteric activation

Back 38

occurs when an activator binds with the enzyme and increases its turnover rate

Front 39

Rate Limiting Step

Back 39

PFK Enzyme important regulator of glycolysis. PFK Slows down the glycolytic pathway

Front 40

Lactate Threshold

Back 40

As exercise intensity increases, the exercise intensity or relative intesnity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration

Front 41

Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

Back 41

A second increase in the rate of lactate acumulation has been noted at higher relative intensities of exercise. Occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches 4mmol

Front 42

Oxidative Energy System

Back 42

Aerobic; primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities, uses primarily carbs and fats as substrates

Front 43

Krebs Cycle

Back 43

series of reactions that continues the oxidation of the substrate begun in glycolysis

Front 44

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

Back 44

Uses NADH and FADH molecules to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP (probably needs a better definition)

Front 45

Cytochromes

Back 45

electron carriers on the electron transport chain

Front 46

Beta Oxidation

Back 46

series of reactions in which the free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-coA and hydrogen protons

Front 47

Gluconeogenesis

Back 47

the breakdown of protein into glucose

Front 48

Branch Chain Amino Acids

Back 48

major amino acids that are oxidized in skeletal muscle (leucine, isoleucine, and valine)

Front 49

Power

Back 49

work performed per unit of time

Front 50

exercise intensity

Back 50

level of muscular activity that can be quantified in terms of power

Front 51

Energy Substrates

Back 51

molecules that provide starting materials for bioenergetic reactions (phosophagens, glucose, glycogen, lactate, fatty acids, amino acids)

Front 52

Glycogenolysis

Back 52

breakdown of glycogen

Front 53

Oxygen Uptake

Back 53

consuption; measure of a person's ability to take in and use oxygen

Front 54

Oxygen Deficit

Back 54

anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise

Front 55

Oxygen Debt

Back 55

postexercise oxygen uptake

Front 56

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

Back 56

postexercise oxygen uptake

Front 57

Combination Training

Back 57

cross-training; enhances recovery because recovery relies primarily on aerobic mechanisms.

Front 58

Interval Training

Back 58

method that emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for a more efficient energy transfer within the metabolic pathways.