Csbs Test Two

Front 1

Three of the most common and useful purposes of research are...

Back 1

Exploration, description, and explanation.

Front 2

Exploration (D)

Back 2

Exploratory studies are most typically done for three purposes (1) to satisfy the researchers curiosity and desire for better understanding (2) to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study, and (3) to develop the methods to be employed in any subsequent study.

Front 3

Description (D)

Back 3

Many social sciences studies aim at describing situations and events. The researcher observes and then describes what was observed.

Front 4

Explanation (D)

Back 4

Explanation studies address questions of why.

Front 5

Nomothetic explanation

Back 5

An approach to explanation in which we seek to identify a few casual factors that generally impact a class of conditions or events (broader/Larger Samples) (Quantitative)

Front 6

Idiographic explanation

Back 6

More narrow, qualitative

Front 7

Three main criteria for nomothetic casual relationships in social research.

Back 7

(1) the variables must be correlated, (2) the cause takes place before the effect (3) the variables are non spurious.

Front 8

Non spurious relationship (d)

Back 8

A non-coincidental statistical correlation between to variables, shown to be caused by some third variable.

Front 9

Correlation

Back 9

An emprical relationship between two variables such that (1) changes in one are associated with changes in the other (2) particular attributes of one variable are associated with particular attributes of the other.

Front 10

Time order

Back 10

We can't say a casual relationship exists unless the cause precedes the effect in time.

Front 11

Spurious relationship

Back 11

A coincidental statistical correlation between two variables, shown to be caused by a third variable.

Front 12

Units of analysis

Back 12

The what or whom being studied. In social science research, the most typical units of analysis are individual people.

Front 13

Conceptualization

Back 13

The mental process whereby fuzzy and imprecise notions (concepts) are made more specific and precise.

Front 14

Indicator

Back 14

A sign of the presence or absence of the concept we're studying

Front 15

Dimension

Back 15

A specifiable aspect of a concept. To subdivide a concept into several clearly defined dimensions.

Front 16

The interchangeability of indicators means...

Back 16

That if several different indicators all represent to some degree, the same concept, then all of them will behave the same way that the concept would behave if it were real and could be observed

Front 17

Three kinds of definitions that logicians and scientists have distinguished

Back 17

Real, nominal, and operational.

Front 18

Real

Back 18

Trying to specify the "real" meaning of concepts only leads to a quagmire: it mistakes a construct for a real entity.

Front 19

Nominal

Back 19

A definition that is simply assigned to a term without any claim that the definition represents a real entity.

Front 20

Operational

Back 20

specifies percisely how a concept will be measured - that is, the operations we choose to preform.

Front 21

Levels of measurement (4)

Back 21

Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Front 22

Nominal measure

Back 22

A variable whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness.

Front 23

Ordinal measure

Back 23

A level of measurement describing a variable with attributes we can rank-order along some dimension

Front 24

Interval measure

Back 24

A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes.

Front 25

Ratio Measure

Back 25

A level of measurement describing a variable with attributes that have all the qualities of nominal, ordinal, and interval measures and in addition are based on a "true zero" point. Age is an example of ratio measure.

Front 26

Index

Back 26

A type of composite measure that summarizes and rank-orders several specific observations and represents some more general dimensions.

Front 27

Scale

Back 27

A type of composite measure composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure among them.

Front 28

Index Construction

Back 28

The four main steps in the construction of a index include 1. selecting possible items 2. examining their empirical relationships 3. scoring the index 4. validating the index.

Front 29

Item Selection

Back 29

The first step in creating an index is selecting items for a composite index, which is created to measure some variable.

Front 30

Examining empirical relationships

Back 30

The second step in creating an index, examine them among the items being considered for inclusion, there are two types of possible relationships (bi-variate, and multivariate)

Front 31

Bivariate relationship

Back 31

A relationship between two variables

Front 32

multivariate relationship

Back 32

uses more than two variables

Front 33

Once you have chosen the best items for the index...

Back 33

You next assign scores for particular responses, thereby creating a single composite index out of several of the items.

Front 34

The first step in index validation is...

Back 34

An internal validation called item analysis. In item analysis you examine the extent to which the composite index is related to (or predicts responses to) the individual item it comprises.

Front 35

External validation

Back 35

The process of testing the validity of a measure, such as an index or scale, by examining its relationship to other presumed indicators of the same variable.

Front 36

Likert scaling

Back 36

Are those using such response categories such as "strongrly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree"

Front 37

Semantic differential

Back 37

A questionnaire format in which the respondents are asked to rate something in terms of two, opposite adjectives (i.e. textbooks as boring or exciting) using qualifiers such as "very, somewhat, neither, somewhat, and very" to bridge the difference between the two opposites.

Front 38

Typology

Back 38

The classification (typically nominal) of observations in terms of their attributes on two or more variables.

Front 39

Examples of typology

Back 39

1. Political ideology (democratic and non democratic)

2. Military and industrial sophistication (low and high)

Front 40

There will be no problem with typology if....

Back 40

it is used as the independent variable.

Front 41

In typology it is extremely difficult to...

Back 41

Analyze it as a dependent variable