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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the correst frequency and speed for an ECG in the pre-hospital setting? |
x1 0.05-40 Hz 25mm/sec |
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What do the following represent on an ECG? . . . . . . . . |
1) PR interval - <.2 secs 2) 0.2 secs 3) QRS comples - <.12 secs 4) ST segment 5) TP interval 6) 0.5 mVol |
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What is the normal order of pacemakers in the heart and what are their normal intrinsic rates? |
SA - 60 - 100 bpm AV - 40 - 60 bpm Bundle of his - 30 - 40 bpm Bundle branches - 30 - 40 bpm Perkinji 20 - 40 bpm |
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Asthma results in the destruction of the alveoli and associated capillary beds, also causing a decrease in lung compliance? |
False = this is the description of emplysema. |
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Cereberovascular accidents (CVAs) account for the number 1 cause of death in the western world? |
False = cardiovascular disease is the number one killer. |
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What is the correct dose of adrenaline for an adult in cardiac arrest? . Why is it given? |
1mg/1mL - IV 1:1000 Adrenaline. Given every 3-5 mins. . Its given to excite the myocardium by acting on the beta1 and alpha1 receptors causing vasoconstriction. This increases myocardial and cerebral perfusion pressure. |
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What does of Midazolam would you give to a 3 yom having a tonic clonic seizure? |
Age x 3 + 7 = Weight (kg) 3 x 3 + 7 = 16kg 200mcg/kg = 200 x 16 = 3,200 mcg (3.2mg) 3.2 / 5 x 1 (5mg/1ml) = 0.64mls |
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What is hypertension defined as? |
Systolic Bp > 140 mmHg Diastolic Bp >90 mmHg |
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What are the signs and symptoms that would indicate an asthma attack is at risk of an imminent arrest? |
- GCS <12 - Bradycardia - Pulselessness - Apnoeic/silent chest |
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What is cricoid pressure? |
Its used to prevent regurgitation and aspiration of stomach contents during intubation. It also allows the the clinition a better view of vocal cords dueing a difficult intubation. q |
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What are the signs of a tesnion pneumothorax? |
- chest pain - unequal rise and fall of chest - hypotension - tracheal deveation - JVD (may not be present if pt is hypovolemic) - ALOC - Decreased saturation levels - brady cardia - dyspnoea - surgical emphysema - cyanosis |
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What is the procedure for the decompression of a tension pneumothorax? |
1) medical consult 2) locate angle of lui, go accross to the second intercostal space, mid clavicular line. 3) swab the side 4) insert 14G calula, guided over the third rib in order to miss the intercostal arterial and respiratory receptors untill a loss of resistance is felt. 5) advance the catheter from the stylet and remove cannule. Put into sharps kit. 6) sequre the catheter 7) reassess pt - resp status assessment firstq |
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Why is GTN used for ACS? |
Because it dialates the coronary and systemic arterial and veins. This decreases the preload and afterload further decreasing the myocardial activity and increasing collateral circulation. |
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Why is asprin administered to ACS patients and how does it work? |
Asprin is used to thin the blood as it decreases platelet agrigation. It decreases the conversion of arachadonic acid into thromboxane by inhibting COX 1. |
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What does of morphine would you administer to a patient with ACS? |
2.5-5mL of diluted (in sodium chloride) morphine (10mg/1ml) - repeated every 5 mins till max dose of 20mg (for pt <70) . 5-10mg of undiluted morphine IM repeated at 5mg after 10 minutes till max dose of 20mg is reached. |
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Describe the difference between a haemorrhagic CVA and an ischaemic CVA. |
Cerebral infarction (80%) - Emboli (30%) - severly reduced blood flow (moving) - Thrombus (30%) - severly reduced blood flow (not moving). Blood clot is stuck in arthersclerosis - Small vessel disease (20%) or lucunar, when blood vessels are blocked to very small arterial vessels. . Haemorrhagic (20%) - Intercerebral haemorrhage (15%) - Subarachnoid haemorrhage (5%) |
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What is the difference between a TIA and a CVA？ |
A TIA is neurological deficit that will resolve itsself within 24 hours. It can often be an early indicator for a CVA. Between 50-75% of thrombolitic and extracratinal carotid artery strokes. Only 10% for other types. |
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When would you perform a V4R? |
When the is ST segment elevation in the interior leads (leads 2, 3 and AVF), expecially if there was hypotension. |
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What are the three definitive treatments of a STEMI at hospital? |
1) PCI 2) Angioplasty 3) Thrombolytic therapy |
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In relation to 12 leads, inferior ECG leads are? |
Leads 2, 3 and AVF. Looking at the inferior aspect of the heart. |
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In relation to 12 lead ECGs, what are the lateral leads? |
V5, V6, lead 1 and AVL |
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In relation to 12 lead ECGs, list the 4 mimics of a STEMI. |
1) LBBB 2) Pase maker 3) AAA 4) Ventricular hypertrophy 5) Pericarditis 6) Benign early repolarisation syndrome 7) ventricular aneuryms |
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In relation to a head injury, what is cushing's reflex? |
Reflex is the increase in BP with widening pulse pressure and the drop in pulse rate. The triad is when and irregular and slow respiratory rate is added to the group to make it a triad. |
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Describe the difference between a general and focal seizure. |
A general seizure takes place in both hemispheres of the brain while a focal seizure only takes place in one hemisphere. Genralised includes absent, clonic, tonic, myoclonic and tonic clonic seizures. Focal seizures include parital and simple partial. |
