Cs 2600 Week 3-4

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OSI Network Model Layers

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ApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical

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TCP/IP Network Model Layers

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ApplicationTransportInternetNetwork Interface

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OSI Mnemonic

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"All People Seem To Need Data Processing”

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Data Communication Protocol

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A set of rules governing and standardizing communication between computers.

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Protocol Specification

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Defines how a particular layer operates

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Protocol Implementation

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The actual system (hardware or software) that implements a protocol specification

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Service Interface

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A set of definitions that define how a protocol layer obtains services from the layer below.

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Service Interface Definitions

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Appear similar to methodsHas parameters and are proceduralsend (data buffer, length, destination addr)

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Peer-to-Peer Interface

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A definition for a data structureDefines the messages that two peers exchange

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RRP

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Request/Reply Protocol

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HHP

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Host-to-Host Protocol

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MSP

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Message Stream Protocol

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Demultiplexing Key

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A standardized code in a header (at any layer) that tells the protocol layer reading that header which upper layer to pass the contents of its message to.

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Second Principle of Network Design

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Data originating in a given layer, along with that layer's header, is viewed as "data" by the protocol below.This process is called encapsulation.

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Orgs involved with OSI Standards

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ISOANSI (IBM, Xerox, Others)IEEENISTEIA/TIAITU

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Orgs involved with TCP/IP Model

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IETFDoDUnix (At&T)UniversitiesSmall Manufactures

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Application Layer (TCP/IP)

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Web, Email, Gaming, Video data

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Transport Layer (TCP/IP)

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Provides end-to-end logical channels for apps to locate each otherTCP (more reliable) or UDP

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Internet Layer (TCP/IP)

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Uses IP ProtocolHandles end-to-end routing across the InternetConnects dissimilar networks

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Network Interface Layer (TCP/IP)

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All underlying hardware and network-specific techTechnically outside the scope of Internet Architecture3G/4G, Ethernet, WiFi

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Application Layer (OSI)

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Provides network services to applicationsFile Transfer, Directory Services, Email Delivery

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Presentation Layer (OSI)

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Formats data for presentation to userIncludes standards for representation (char. sets, formatting), compression, and encryption

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Session Layer (OSI)

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Provides reliability for app-to-app sessionsCheckpointing and restart toolsNot well understood/defined

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Transport Layer (OSI)

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Handles process-to-process channel functionsAdds reliability and connection managementLowest hardware-independent layer

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Network Layer (OSI)

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Handles switching over a single networkData structure is a "packet"

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Data Link Layer (OSI)

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Handles switching over a single link (between two nodes)Data structure is a "frame"

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Physical Layer (OSI)

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Hardware that transfers signals across a medium.

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Internet Model Standards Dev Process

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Suggest protocol at IETF meetingsDraft standard (RFC) in small groupSeek Consensus via votingDesign implementations of protocolTesting of spec/implementationRevision/Official Submission

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Bandwidth

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Number of bits that can be transmitted on a link in some unit of timeMeasured in bits per second on network (bps)Bytes per second on a computer's bus (Bps)

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millisecond

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ms, 0.001 or 10^-3WAN

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microsecond

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us, 0.000001 or 10^-6LAN

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nanosecond

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ns, 0.000000001or 10^-9Processing in a computer

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picosecond

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ps, 0.000000000001 or 10^-12

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Time to transmit 1 bit

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1 data rate

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Serial

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Bits sent through a single line one-by-one

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Parallel

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Bytes sent over multiple lines simultaneously.Data inside computer bus typically sent this way

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Networks typically use ____________ communication systems

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Serial

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Bits transmitted at a particular bandwidth have __________________________.

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a particular width per bit.

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Factors that affect frame transmission time

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Smaller frame -> Slower Data RateLarger frame -> Faster Data Rate

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Latency

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Amount of time that it takes a single bit to cross a link or entire networkLonger distance -> Longer Latency

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Latency is affected by __________

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the media over which data is travelingless impact than distance

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RTT

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Round Trip TimeLatency * 2

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If there's a slow network, we ask _______________________?

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"Where is the bottleneck?"Which elements in the network are causing significant delay?

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Total Latency Formula

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Total Latency = Propagation Time + Transmission Time + Queuing Time

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Transmission Time

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Time to send data "out the door"Message SizeData Rate

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Propagation Time

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Time to travel across the medium on a single link.DistanceSpeed of Medium

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Queuing Delay

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Delay caused by the time a packet/frame takes for processing (or waiting to be processed) in computers, switches, routers, and serversAmount of competing trafficProcessing power of nodes

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Delay x Bandwidth Product

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The amount of data needed to fill the entire linkIf link is a pipe, this is the "volume"

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For this class, we use calculations of __________ instead of ____________ to measure data size.

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Powers of Ten (1 KB = 10^3) instead of Powers of Two (1 KiB = 2^10)

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Switch

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Connects nodes within a single network

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Router

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Specialized computer that connects one network to another

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internet

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any arbitrary group of interconnected networks

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Internet

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Global Internet that connects many networks

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physical networksubnet

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a single network, usually connected to the Internet through a router

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Hardware/Physical Address

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MAC Address6 two digit hex numbersA6:45:7C:CC:23:DF

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Global Address

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Unique across multiple networksIPv4 and IPv6Normally changes if node is moved

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Name Address

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URLsName remains the same even if node is moved

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Computers on the Internet typically have what addresses?

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Hardware, Global IPIf server, also a Domain Name

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Unicast

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Recepient is a single node

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Broadcast

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Recevied by all nodes on a network

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Multicast

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Received by a subset of nodes on a network

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TDM

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Timed Division Multiplex

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FDM

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Frequency Division Multiplex

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STDM

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Statistical Timed Division Multiplex

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Packet

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Chunk of data with control info in a headerCan travel over multiple networks

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Three types of network failures

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Bit errorLost packetLink failure

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Bit Error

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A bit value gets changed/lost during transmissionUsually due to electrical interference

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Lost Packet

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Invalid destination addressOverloaded switch/router/server

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Link Failure

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Damaged cables, switch, router, or serverCan use alternate path (if available)

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First Principle of Network Design

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"No undetected errors"

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Ways to Identify Nodes

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Hardware AddressGlobal AddressName

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Categories of Addresses

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UnicastBroadcastMulticast

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Network

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An INFRASTRUCTURE that provides communication between computers

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Connectivity Meanings

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The ability to communicateThe quality of communication

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Scalability

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the ability for a network to grow "gracefully"No major redesign or replacement of current network

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Nodes

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Any connectable computation device

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Links

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the physical medium of connectionwire, radio, or fiber optic

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Direct Link Types

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Point-To-PointMulti-Access

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Point-to-Point

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Two nodes, one link

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Multi-Access

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More than two nodes, one link

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How to calculate number of point-to-point connections needed to connect n devices

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L = N(N-1)/2

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Internal Nodes

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Infrastructure devicesHubs, Switches, Routers

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External Nodes

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HostsComputer, Tablets, Phone

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Cloud Symbol in Switched Networks

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"Some sort of network"Where the internal nodes reside

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Two Models of Switched Networks

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Circuit SwitchedPacket Switched

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Circuit Switched

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Traditional discreet-based networksEnd-to-End connection must be established before communication can occurUsed to be used for telephone systems

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Packet Switched

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Uses "store-and-forward" process to relay packets from one node to the next, until packet is delivered

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Source

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Original sender of a data packet

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Receiver (Sink)

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Ultimate recipient of a data packet

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Types of Nodes

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Workstation or Client

Server

Switch or Router

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Networks adapters make which OSI layers?

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OSI Layers 1 and 2 are generally what devices?

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Network interrupts are handled by?

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Control Status Register handles what?

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What is Guided Media?

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Wire and fiber optics are examples of what kinds of media?

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Full Duplex

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both directions similtaniously

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Half Duplex

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both directions, one at a time

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Simplex

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One Direction

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Twisted Pair Advantages

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Easy to install

robust

inexpensive

analog or digital

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Twisted pair disadvantages

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limited distance and bandwidth

interference from electrical noise

emits signal

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repeater vs amplifier

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amplifier fixes only attenuation (analog)

repeater does this and noise (digital)

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CAT 5

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Unsheilded

100 mbps

analog

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Cat 6

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Gigabit

unsheilded

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Cat 7

Back 102

shielded

10 gbs

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cat 8

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40 gbps

shielded

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coaxial

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shielded

digital or analog

requires amp or repeater every few miles

wider range of frequency

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RG-11 Coax

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undergroud

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RG-59 Coax

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TVs indoors,

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RG-8 and RG-58 Coax

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old

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Fiber Optics

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Higher data rates

Expensive

Fewer repeaters (50miles)

40 GBps

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wavelength division multiplexing

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both ways using different colors

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multimode fiber

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not good over distance

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single mode

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higher data rate

greater distance