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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the causative agent of cryptococcosis?
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Opportunistic yeast-like organism Cryptococcus neoformans
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What are the 2 variants of cryptococcus neoformans? Which one most commonly causes disease?
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-C. neoformans var. neoformans**commonly causes disease
-C. neoformans var. gatti |
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What is C. neoformans var. neoformans environmentally associated with?
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pigeon droppings and other habitats
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What is the geographic distribution of cryptococcosis?
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Can occur worldwide, most common in southern cali and SE and SW US and coast of Australia
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How is the signalment of cryptococcosis different from other fungal mycoses?
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More commonly affects cats than dogs
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Which cryptococcus variant is most common in Oregon?
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gatti because came from canada to washington to Oregon
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How are mammals infected with cryptococcus?
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Infection occurs via inhalation of yeast from environment
-most common where high concentrations of bird droppings |
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What happens to yeast once inhaled by a mammal? What happens to the host?
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Yeast organisms are large and usually settle out in nasal cavities or nasopharynx
-disease may develop or animal may become asymptomatic carrier -occasionally pulmonary infection from desiccated, smaller yeasts |
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What is the immune response of a mammal to cryptococcus?
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Immune response often results in local granuloma formation
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How do cryptococcus disseminate?
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Can occur either through direct extension (into the CNS) or via hematogenous spread
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What cats are predisposed to cryptococcosis?
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No age, sex, or breed predisposition
-may be an association b/w crypto and FeLV, FIV and chronic steroid use (immunosuppression) |
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Which age of dogs are predisposed to cryptococcosis?
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young adults
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What organs are commonly affected by cryptococcosis? (3)
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Skin, eyes, and CNS
-any organ can be affected |
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**What are the most common clinical signs of cryptococcosis in cats?
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Upper respiratory signs
-sneezing, snuffling, and unilateral or bilateral serous, mucopurulent or hemorrhagic nasal discharge -can get polyp like mass or bulging deformity of nose (can eat through bone) |
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What fungus causes upper respiratory signs in a dog?
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Aspergillus!! (local disease)
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What lesions appear in 40-50% of cryptococcosis cases in cats?
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Cutaneous lesions
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Ocular signs are most common in patients with _____ signs.
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CNS signs
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True or false. Fever is common in cats with cryptococcosis.
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False, uncommon
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What are the clinical signs of cryptococcosis in dogs?
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Non-specific:
-wt loss, lethargy -fever in 25% -CNS and eyes most commonly affected -Cutaneous lesions if systemic |
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What are the lab findings of an animal with cryptococcosis?
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Non-speecific
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What is the best way to diagnose cryptococcosis?
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Find the organism!!!!
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What are 5 ways to demonstrate the cryptococcus organism by cytology?
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1) From any infected organ
2) Urine cytology -subclinical kidney infections in dogs 3) Impression smears from draining skin lesions 4) FNA of skin nodules, lnns, bones or other affected tissues 5) Airway washings |
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What is the most rapid method of diagnosis for cryptococcosis?
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Demonstrating the organism via cytology of an affected organ
-gram stain and new methylene blue |
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What is the most common sample taken for histopathology of cryptococcus?
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Nose (polyps)
-2 most common things for mass in nose is tumor and fungal disease |
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Is the urine antigen test or serum antigen test more accurate for diagnosing cryptococcosis in dogs?
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urine antigen test
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What is serology (antigen test) useful for cases of cryptococcosis?
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Useful in monitoring response to therapy
-decreasing titer associated w/ good prognosis |
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What are the 2 components to treating cryptococcosis?
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1) Large granulomas should be surgically debulked initially
2) Medical management involves itraconazole. Fluconazole preferred in cases w/ CNS or ocular signs |
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How long should treatment (itraconazole or fluconazole) be continued when treating cryptococcosis?
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1 month after resolution of clinical signs AND a decrease of the titer by 2 orders of magnitude (preferably a negative titer)
-mean treatment duration ~8.5 months |
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Concurrent ____ and ____ infections are associated with a worse outcome of cryptococcosis.
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FeLV and FIV infections
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