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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All matter exists in how many forms and what are they?
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Solid liquid or gas
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Define a Solid
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by high degree of internal order, in which the positions of the atoms or molecules are essentially fixed
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Atoms are kept in place by strong mutual attractive forces called?
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van der Waals
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What are some characteristics of Gases?
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a. attractive forces btw atoms and molecules are very weak
b. Constant rapid motion, completely random directions with frequent collisons c. Lack specific shape and volume and assume the shape of the container d. Easily compressed and expanded. |
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What are the two primary forms of internal energy ?
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Potential and kinetic
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Kinetic energy of solids and liquids is closely related to what?
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temperature
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Increase in temperature will ___________ the velocity (kinetic energy) of a gas?
a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same d none of the above |
a. -increase
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What casuses the molecules of solids, liquids and gases to transform back and forth between the two types of mechanical energy
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Absolute temperature
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How is density defined?
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mass of a substance per unit volume D= MASS/VOLUME
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Mass weighing 15g and measuring 3 cc would have a density of what?
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5g/cc
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What is the units for solids and liquids?
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-g/cc (grams per cubic centimeter)
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What severely affects volume of gases?
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temperature and pressure
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What is STP where volume is used?
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-22.46 AND WT is the gram molecular wt of the
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Oxygen (O2) standard density will compute to what?
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16 x 2= 32/22.46L = 1.42 g/
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All motion requires some driving force, so diffusion depends are what for molecules to transfer? -
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pressure gradients (pressure difference)
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The rate of diffusion is directly related to what?
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concetration gradient, temperature and area; indirectly related to wt. and the distance it has to diffuse
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Pressure is __________ realted to kinetic energy and to the gravitiational attraction of the earth.
a. indirectly b. equally c. directly d. neither |
c.
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T or F. Increase in altitude, the gravitationl attraction of the earth on molecules of gas in the atomsphere becomes grearter
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False. decreases
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What is surface tension? -
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force that exists at the interface between a liquid and a gas or btw two liquids.
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What does Law of Laplace defines about surface tension?
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-relationship among surface tension, pressure and the radius of various structures.. Inward force caused by the surface tension and the size of a bubble or droplet.
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What is surfactant?
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chemical that interferes with intermolecular atttraction at the interface of the substance.
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Where is surfactant produced in the body?
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-synthesized and stored in the lamellar inclusion bodies of the type II alveolar pneumocytes and released into alveoli after 24 wks gestation
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What is the function of Surfactant?
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reduces the surface tension and stablizes lung volumes and is composed o a complex mixture of protein and phospholipids.
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What are the two phospholipids that are identified major components of surfactant?
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Lecithin and sphingomyelin (LS)
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Define boiling point?
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as the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the pressure exerted by the surrounding atmospher.
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On the Celsius scale, absolute zero corresponds to _______degree celsius
a. -100 b. 212 c. -274 d. -273 |
d
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Formula converting Centigrades to Fahrenheit?
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F= (1.8) (C) + 32
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Convert Centigrade to Kelvin?
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K=C + 273
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Ideal Gas law can be modified and expressed as a formula?
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P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
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Calculate Volume (V2) of 5L (V1) of gas existing at 273K (t1) and 760-mmHg (p1) when heated to 300K (t2) subjected to 1520 mmHg (p2) pressure use the formula
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-V2= v1xp1xt2/ p2xt1 answer is 2.74
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What is Boyle's law ?
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Isothermal process. behavior of gases under conditions of constant temperature. If temp (T) remains constant, Volume (V) varies inversely with the pressure (P).
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What is Boyle's Law Formula?
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P1V1 = P2 V2
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What is Charles Law?
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Pressure remains constant, volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature.
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What law states if pressure remains constant, volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature? -
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Charles law
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Formula for Charles Law?
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V1/T1=V2/T2
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What law states when a volume remains constant, gas pressure is directly propertional to the absolute temperature of a gas?
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-Gay-Lussac's Law (isovolumetric pressure
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Formula for Gay-Lussac's law?
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-P1/t1=P2/t2
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What law states " each individiual gas present in a mixture exerts a partial pressure equal to its fractional concentration multiplied by the total gas pressure?
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Dalton's law
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Formula for Dalton's law? -
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Partial pressure= barometric pressure (PB) x % of component gas
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Calculate Normal PB-760mmHg/02%-21%/N2%-79%
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159.6mmHg of O2 + 600.4mmHg of N2 =760mmHg
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What law states, when a gas or gas mixture is in contact with the surface of a liquid, a certain number of gas molecules will enter into a soluntion
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Henry's law
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What is flowrate?
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-volume of gas displaced by a pressure gradient causing that volume of gas to move from an area of high pressure to lower pressure.
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What is speed of an object with its associated direction at a given instant of time. ?
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-Velocity
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Gas particle's velocity is ________a constant value, but is ____________ related to temperature?
a. not; directly b. is; indirectly c. equal; directly d. less than; proportional |
a
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Define viscosity?
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-force opposing a fluid's flow or its interal friction
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Define Laminlar flow?
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-Gas molecules slide past each other smoothly.
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What is Turbuelent flow?
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-Whirlpool like circles called eddy currents or eddies
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What is speed of an object with its associated direction at a given instant of time.
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Velocity
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What is the 1st Law of thermodynamics?
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total energy at any given point in a fluid steam must be the same everywhere through out the tube
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What is 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
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-any mechincal process, there will always be a decrease in the total energy abailable to do work
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What does Bernoulli's Principle state?
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with increase in velocity of a fluid is high, the lateral pressure is low, and vice versa
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What 3 things factor the rate of flow of gas through a tube?
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-1. viscosity of the gas,
2. pressure defference (gradient) 3. dimension of the tube |
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What has the greatest effect on flowrate and pressure gradeint?
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-Radius
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What is Poiseuille's law formula?
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-V/t = PieR4 (p1-p2)/ 8nL PIE (symbole) radius to the 4th power
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If you decrease the factor "V/t" what with the pressure gradient do? -
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increase
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If you decrease the radius of a tube, what will the Pressure Gradient doo?
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-Increase
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What is Fluidics?
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-applies to the class of devices whichuses the dynamic of fluids in enclosed passageways to accomplish a number of task
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What are some examples of Fluidics?
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-switching devices, pressure sensing devices, flow sensing devices and amplification of some ventilators such as the Sechrist infant ventilator which make use of this system
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What is Coanda effect?
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-wall attachment effect occurs when air or another fluid is forced thorugh small jet. This entrains the surrounding air
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What is Potential Humidity?
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-total amount of water THAT CAN BE PRESENT in a volume of gas at a specific temperature
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Water Vapor Content is expressed as?
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mg/L or g/cubic meter m3
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What is Absolute Humditiy?
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Water Vapor Content is expressed as?
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the capacity to hold water in its vapor state___________________ as the temperature of a gas ____________ and vice versa
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-INCREASES; INCREASES
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Formula for calculating RH?
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-%R.H. = content capacity x 100
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what changes the amount of water vapor in the air? -
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-atomspheric condtions (barometric pressure and temp)
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How does surface area affect water vaporization?
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greater the surface area available for evaporation, the easier it will be for liquid molecules to escape
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Temperature at which moisture (condensation) begins to appear on the surface is called?
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dew point
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Alveolar air is 100% humified a what temp and contains how many mg of water vapor per liter of gas?
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37 deg C with 43.90mg
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Water vapor exerts a partial pressure of ?
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-47 mmHg
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Formula for PH2)?
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-Capacity (specific temp) x % RH expressed in mmHg
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Formula for Water vapor content?
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? -capacity x %RH expressed in mg/L or g/cubic meter
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