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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the effect of aging on heart weight?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on myocyte dimensions?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on myocyte number?
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Decreased
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What is the effect of aging on diastolic filling (early and end)?
How does this affect the preload? |
Early diastolic filling --> decreased
Late diastolic filling --> increased Net filling (preload) stays the SAME |
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What is the effect of aging on chronotropic and inotropic responses to B-adrenergic stimulation?
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Decreased
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What is the effect of aging on peak cardiac output to maximal effort?
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Decreased
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What is the effect of aging on lusitropic function (relaxation)?
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Decreased
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What is the effect of aging on systolic functions?
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Relatively no change
(ejection fraction, stroke volume, and cardiac output all stay the same) |
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What is the effect of aging on heart rate and contractility?
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No major changes
(ejection fraction, stroke volume, and cardiac output stay the same) |
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Is there an increase or decrease in sympathetic outflow and circulating catecholamines during aging?
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INCREASE
(Maybe a compensatory mechanism since RESPONSE to sympathetic excitation and catecholamines is DECREASED) |
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What kind of mechanism does the older heart use to increase cardiac output?
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Frank-Starling mechanism
(both end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes are increased) |
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What is the effect of aging on maximal cardiac output?
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Decreased
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Why might older people have a greater tendency to develop diastolic heart failure?
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Combination of:
1. Shorter relaxation phase 2. Increased end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes |
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What is the effect of aging on the relaxation phase of the heart?
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Relaxation phase is delayed and shortened
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What is the effect of aging on pulse wave velocity?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on arterial distensibility and contractility?
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Decreased
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What is the effect of aging on total peripheral resistance?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on endothelial permeability?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on endothelial nitric oxide release?
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Decreased
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What is the effect of aging on B2-adrenergic-mediated vasodilation
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Decreased
(reduced number of receptors or reduced affinity of the ligand) |
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Decreases in vascular compliance can be greatly contributed to the deposition and destruction of which connective tissues?
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Deposition of collagen
Destruction of elastin |
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How do systolic and diastolic pressures change with age?
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Both tend to increase up to about 50 yrs old
After 50 yrs old, systolic pressure continues to rise but diastolic pressure levels off or falls. This increases the pulse pressure. *This trend is due to decreased compliance |
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Stroke volume divided by compliance = ???
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Pulse pressure
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Will stiffer vessels exhibit a faster or slower wave velocity?
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Faster wave velocity
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What is the effect of aging on the baroreceptor reflex?
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Decreased
(takes longer for the baroreflex to return BP to normal) |
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What is the main factor behind reduced baroreflex sensitivity?
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Stiffness in the carotid sinus
(reduce ability of sinus and its nerve endings to signal changes in BP to the brain) |
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With aging, does sympathetic hyper- or hyposensitivity occur?
How does this affect the baroreceptor reflex? |
Sympathetic hypersensitivity
(Increase in plasma levels of norepinephrine and in increase in sympathetic neural activity) *This could play a role in decreasing the baroreceptor reflex |
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What is the effect of aging on air space size?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on chest wall compliance?
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Decreased
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What is the effect of aging on lung compliance?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on FEV1?
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Decreased
(decreased respiratory muscle strength) |
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What is the effect of aging on FVC?
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Decreased
(decreased respiratory muscle strength) |
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What is the effect of aging on total lung capacity and tidal volume?
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No change
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What is the effect of aging on vital capacity?
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Decreased
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What is the effect of aging on residual volume?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on dead space ventilation?
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Increased
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What is the effect of aging on alveolar capillaries?
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Fewer capillaries
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What is the effect of aging on GFR?
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Decreased
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Between the ages of 30 and 80, the number of functioning nephrons decreases by what percentage?
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50%
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What is the effect of aging on renal blood flow?
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Decreases
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What is the fundamental problem in the aging kidney?
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Greater difficulty controlling plasma volume
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