Cross Cultural Psychology

Front 1

What is Collectivism?

Back 1

Collectivism is the behavior based on concerns for others and care for traditional values

Front 2

What is Individualism

Back 2

Behavior based on concern for one's self and one's immediate family or primary group

Front 3

What are correlational methods and what do they do?

Back 3

Correlations are the relationships between 2 or among several variables.

X is down, Y is down = POSITIVE CORRELATION
X is down, Y is up = NEGATIVE CORRELATION

Front 4

What is the correlation coefficient?

Back 4

The measure of correlation and 2 components

sign = + or - linear relationship
value= larger the absolute value, the stronger the relationship

Front 5

The act of comparison requires a particular set of critical thinking skills. Name them.

Back 5

1. Draw conclusions from at least 2 samples that represent at least 2 cultural groups
2. Must study links between cultural norms and behaviors
3. Must study the ways in which particular human activities are influenced by different social and cultural forces.

Front 6

What is cognition? Name 4 processes.

Back 6

Cognition is a diversified process by which the individual acquires and applies knowledge.

processes:
1. Recognition
2.Categorization
3. Thinking
4. Memory

Front 7

Explain the meaning of cross-cultural psychology

Back 7

Cross-cultural psychology is the critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology.

Front 8

What is culture?

Back 8

We define culture as a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next

Front 9

Describe ethnicity

Back 9

US- usually indicates cultural heritage, the experience shared by people who have a common ancestral origin, language, traditions, and often religion and geographic territory.

Front 10

What is ethnocentrism

Back 10

An exaggerated view that supports judgment about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer's own ethnic, national, or cultural group's outlook.

It narrows our perception of other countries and social groups and is also a distortion of reality.

Front 11

1.what must you do to conduct an experiment?

2. What two variables are used? Define them.

Back 11

1.You put randomly assigned subjects in particular experimental conditions

2. The two variables are independent and dependent.
An independent variable are the conditions that are controlled, that is, can be changed by you.

The aspect of human activity that is studied and expected to change under the influence of the independent variable is the dependent variable.

Front 12

Explain the relativist approach.

Back 12

Suggests that human behavior in its full complexity can be understood only within the context of the culture in which it occurs. Any cross-cultural comparison is biased.

Front 13

What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional culture?

Back 13

Traditional culture is based on traditions, rules, symbols, and principles established predominantly in the past.

Non-traditional is based on new principles, ideas, and practices. An example is the acceptance of homo-sexuality.

Front 14

What is perceptual set?

Back 14

Perceptual expectations based on experience.

Front 15

What is indigenous psychology and what characterizes it?

Back 15

Indigenous psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behavior, or the mind. It is designed for people and native not transported from other regions.

They are characterized by the use of conceptions and methodologies associated exclusively with the cultural group under investigation.

Front 16

1.What are 4 types of knowledge about psychology?
2. How must cross-cultural psychologists treat this knowledge?

Back 16

1. a.Scientific knowlege
b.Folk theories
c.Value based knowledge
d.legal knowledge

2.Psychologist must treat all types of knowledge with sensitivity, understanding and respect.

Front 17

Explain the evaluative bias of language.

Back 17

The evaluative bias of language is when each of observer, with a different set of values, are asked to describe the same person, event, or group. The words they use reveal their own subjective points of view.

Such as one person viewing and elderly person as old, but the other as mature.

Front 18

Show how dichotomous variables and continuous variables can be differentiated.

Back 18

Dichotomous variables can be divided into two mutually exclusive or contradictory categories. Example: a light switch is either on or its off, there is no in-between. A continuous variable consist of theoretically infinite number of points lying between two polar opposites. Such as the contrast of black and white: there will be gray areas in between.

Front 19

Explain how the availability bias works.

Back 19

It is when the use of the availability heuristic (process of drawing on instances that are easily accessible or available from our memory), results in systematic errors in making such judgments.

Front 20

Describe the belief perseverance effect and at least one of its consequences.

Back 20

Tending to cling to our beliefs, sometimes even in the face of contrary evidence.
One consequence is that we discount, deny, or simply ignore any information that runs counter to our beliefs.

Front 21

List 3 phenomena and describe how they could be viewed differently.

Back 21

?

Front 22

Describe at least 3 stages or states of consciousness and some things that may alter them.

Back 22

1.Sleep
2. Meditation
3.Trance

Front 23

Describe at least 4 basic goals of research and the 2 general research methodology categories used by cross-cultural psychologists.

Back 23

1. researcher wants to describe major findings of this research.
2. when differences are found, the researcher tries to explain whether these factors effect stability.
3.Disseminate the received data and their interpretations.
4.use the research data to help other people to better understand and manage or effectively control-their family relationships.

The 2 general research methods used are quantitative and qualitative.

Front 24

list 3 strategies for sample selection and discuss under what circumstances each might prove useful.

Back 24

1.availability/ convenience sampling- good to use when the researcher's professional or personal contacts are in the country in which the samples are selected.
2. systematic-good for when you need to represent people who practice different customs
3.random sampling-when you have a large number and to get an equal chance of being chosen

Front 25

Explain the psychometric view of intelligence
5

Back 25

View based on an assumption that our intelligence can "receive" a numerical value.

Front 26

Explain the nativist approach to intelligence

Back 26

Most cognitive phenomena are inborn and are a result of biological "programming."

Front 27

List 3 of the environmental conditions that have been found to influence performance on intelligence tests

Back 27

1.educational incentives
2. quality teaching
3.access to books.
4. presence or absence of cultural magical beliefs
5. Cultural practices

Front 28

Define emotion

List the basic emotions

Back 28

-an evaluative response that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioral expression.

-the basic emotions are: sadness, anger, and joy

Front 29

Define display rules

Back 29

Display rules are rules of emotional expression that are acquired primarily during socialization.

Front 30

Define preceding events

Back 30

The environmental circumstances and individual reactions that have a strong impact on particular emotional experiences.

Front 31

Define emotion recognition

Back 31

The process of identification, description, and explanation of an emotional expression