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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some of the white collar crimes Edwin Sutherland identified during WWI and WWII
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- Illegal profiteering
- Manufacturing defective parts - Selling rancid food - Tax evasion - Sale of munitions and military secrets to the enemy |
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What are some alternate terms for White Collar Crime?
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- Elite Deviance
- Respectable crime - Upperworld crime |
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How did Marshall Clinard a Richard Quinney divide white collar crime?
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- Occupational crime
- Corporate crime |
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Pilferage
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The theft of merchandise, tools, stationary and other workplace items
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Embezzlement
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The theft of cash, misappropriation or misuse of funds
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What is the estimated annual cost of health care fraud in the US
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100 billion
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What are some common forms of healthcare fraud?
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1. Exaggerating charges
2. Billing for services not rendered 3. Billing for dead or fake patients 4. Pingponging 5. Churning 6. Falsifying data 7. Inflating charges etc... 8. The list goes on |
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What is the estimated social cost of unnecessary surgeries in the US?
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10 billion dollars
12,000 deaths |
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What are some forms of Corporate Financial Crime?
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- Fraud, cheating, corruption
- Price fixing, Gouging, Restraint of trade - False advertising |
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What are some forms of Corporate Violent Crime?
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- Unsafe workplaces
- Unsafe products - Untested, unapproved, unsafe drugs - Unsafe food - Environmental pollution |
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What is the estimated total cost of white collar crime in the US?
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809 Billion
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How many deaths are estimated to be caused by corporate crime?
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112,000 per year
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How do corporate criminals compare to street criminals?
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They both commit crime when given the opportunity and the motivation to do so.
Aside from that, they are very different. |
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What are some motivating factors for white collar crime?
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- Greed
- Culturally condoned - Lenient treatment - Lack of news coverage |
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What are some proposals for limiting white collar crime?
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- Larger budgets for regulatory agencies
- Stiffer penalties (debated) |
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What are the primary sources of income for organized crime?
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- Drugs
- Prostitution - Pornography - Gambling - Loan Sharking |
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What is the earliest form of OC
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Piracy
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What was the main reason Piracy was successful and main reason OC continues to be successful?
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A demand for the goods and services they provide
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Alien conspiracy model
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The view that organized crime in the US is controlled by 24 italian families
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What is the most promising way to eliminate organize crime?
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Eliminate demand for illicit goods and services either through education or legalization
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Political Crime
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Any illegal or socially harmful act aimed at preserving or changing the existing political and social order
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Forms of state crime
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1. Political repression
2. Unethical/illegal experimentation 3. Aiding and abetting corporate crime 4. Political corruption |
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Forms of crime against the government
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1. Terrorism
2. Assassination 3. Political violence 4. Nonviolent civil disobedience 5. Espionage and treason |
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Examples of Genocide
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- WWII (jews)
- Armenian genocide 1915 - Sudan - Bosnia-Herzegovina - Rwanda |
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What is common among nations that commit genocide?
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Totalitarian governments (generally)
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Stater Terrorism
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Government rule by terror
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Some examples of government violence in the US
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- 1897 coal mining strike
- Killing of Fred Hampton in his home (black panther leader) |
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What are some coups that the US government supported
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- Chile
- Dominican Republic - Guatemala - Iran - South vietnam |
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Extraordinary Rendition
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A US police where suspected terrorists were arrested or kidnapped and transported to prisons around the world.
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Agent Provocateur
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Government moles that encourage activist groups to be violent and lose credibilty
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Tuskegee experiment
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In a study of 400 black men with syphilis, the US government withheld treatment for 30 years to preserve their results.
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What were some common experiments conducted by the US military in the 1960s?
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Radiation experiments on soldiers, civilians and animals
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State-Corporate crime
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Occurs when government and industry cooperate to commit illegal or socially harmful activities
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Watergate Scandal
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Involved illegal campaign contributions and the illegal wiretapping of Nixon critics.
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Iran-Contra Scandal
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CIA supplied weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages held in lebanon
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Some famous / important political criminals
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- Socrates
- Jesus - Joan of Arc - Sir Thomas More - Mahatma Gandhi - Martin Luther King |
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Four significant terrorist attacks in recent history
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- 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103 (270 killed)
- 1993 bombing of WTC (6 killed) - Oklahoma city bombing (168 killed) - 911 (3000 killed) |
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State terrorism
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The use of police and government agents to repress their citizenry violently
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Vigilante terrorism
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Initiated by private groups agains other private groups to preserve the status quo - hate crimes
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Insurgent terrorism
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Directed agains public authorities for the purpose of bringing about radical political change
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Direct Civil disobedience
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Violation of a law which is itself considered morally unjust
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Indirect Civil disobedience
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Violation of a law for reasons of conscience where the law itself is not considered immoral
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Why was Sir Thomas More executed
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The lord chancellor in England from 1529-1532. Executed for refusing to take an oath that the king ranked higher than any other ruler, including the Pope
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Treason
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Aiding and abetting a country's enemy
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What do critics of consensual crime laws argue?
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The enforcement of consensual crime laws often reflect and reinforce the social inequality already in society
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What are some of the negative outcomes of consensual crime laws?
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1. Increase police and official corruption
2. lead consensual offenders to commit other types of crime 3. generate public disrespect for the law 4. divert time and money from combatting more serious crime 5. directly and indirectly violate civil liberties 6. provide revenue streams for OC 7. Loss of potential tax revenue |
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What is the estimated annual cost of the US war on drugs?
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40 Billion
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Roughly how many people (over 12) in the US have used an illegal drug in their lifetime
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45%
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What are the two arguments in favour of legalization of drugs?
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1. Philosophical: people should be free to do what they wish to their bodies
2. Social Scientific: consensual crime laws do more harm than good |
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What does the text argue is the reasoning behind making some drugs legal and others illegal
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1. Societal history of use
2. Importance in culture 3. Political lobbying power |
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What is the key issue proponents and opponents of drug legalization butt heads on?
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Whether or not legalization will result in increased usage and more drug related social problems
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How many US men are estimated to have had sex with a prostitute?
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20%
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What criteria did the US gov't require to make pornography illegal?
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1. The average person would consider it obscene
2. The average person would conclude it appealed to prurient interest 3. The work, as a whole, lacks literary, artistic, political or scientific value |
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Why do feminists hate pornography so much?
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1. It's perpetuates male dominance
2. It is the theory of rape |
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What is one repeated finding of the effects of pornography?
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It decreases the viewer's satisfaction with his current partner.
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What are two conflicting aspects law enforcement?
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Crime prevention vs individual freedom
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Roughly how much of a police officer's time is spent on crime control?
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20%
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Who was George Kirkham?
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A criminology professor who became a police officer. He eventually admitted policing is a much harder job than academics give them credit for.
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What are the two primary methods for gathering evidence on police brutality?
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1. Surveys
2. Ride alongs |
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According to surveys, what percentage of police encounters led to violence? What percentage felt the violence was excessive?
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1.6%
1.3% Doesn't say much, admittedly |
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Albert J Reiss
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Directed a study of police whereby they were observed by researchers. They reported that brutality occurred 3.3% of observed encountes
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What is the police brutality report by race?
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White: 1.2%
Latino: 2.3% Blacks: 4.4% Further analysis suggests this is more a f'n of geography |
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What does the evidence show about the racist biases of police officers?
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Evidence is mixed. Geographic roots of police violence is more soundly supported.
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How do women fare against police violence?
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- They get beaten less often but are more prone to PSV - police sexual violence
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What are some examples of PSV?
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- rape
- sexual assault - unnecessary strip searches - unnecessary cavity searches |
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What did Reiss discover about police corruption?
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More than 20% of the officers he observed engaged in at least one act of corruption - and they knew they were being watched!
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What factors influence whether a police officer will arrest someone?
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1. Seriousness of the offence
2. Strength of evidence 3. Relationship b/w offender and victim (more likely if they know each other) 4. Complainant's preference 5. Suspects attitude towards the officer |
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What is the major debate over racial profiling?
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Does the disproportionate arrest rate of minorities reflect police prejudice or higher involvement in crime?
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What did Reiss conclude on the racial bias of police officers?
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No clear discrimination
1. Blacks were more often the suspects of crimes 2. Black suspects were more hostile towards police 3. Complainants (more often black) preferred arrest when the suspect was black |
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What is one area where US law appears to target racial groups.
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Drug laws. Crack offences (typically a black crime) are more severely punished, by law, than cocaine offences (typically a white crime)
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In 1995, selling 5g or crack led to the same federal sentence as selling how much cocaine?
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500g
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Today, how much more likely is a black person to be arrested for drugs than a white person?
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3 times
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Racial Threat Theory
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Hubert Blalock: The idea that dominant groups feel more threatened as the size and power of minority groups grow and respond with legal control to preserve their status
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Benign-Neglect hypothesis
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Police place less emphasis on black criminals because they are more likely to victimize other blacks
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Chivalry hypothesis
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male police avoid arresting female suspects out of chivalrous notions
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Evil woman hypothesis
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because women are normally more virtuous than men, female suspects are seen as doubly evil
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Which does evidence more strongly support the chivalry or evil woman hypothesis
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The evidence is very complex and depends on age race and type of crime
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In what examples has increased policing shown to be effective?
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- Closed environments like subways
- Hot spots for gun crime |
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What are two highly contested restrictions on policing?
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1. exclusionary rule
2. miranda warning |
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Exclusionary rule
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Evidence obtained by police in violation of the fourth amendment cannot be used in court.
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How many suspects are freed because of the exclusionary rule?
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Less than 1%
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What does labelling theory suggest increased policing will do?
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Increase crime. More people eventually be labeled criminals and denied job opportunities forcing them into a life of poverty and crime
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What does the sociologist perspective point to in addressing crime?
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- economic deprivation
- criminogenic living conditions - inadequate parenting - violent masculinity - a culture of individuality |
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By 2007, how many death row inmates were exonerated using DNA testing?
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15
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By 2007, how many death row inmates were exonerated after further investigation?
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124
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Adversary system of justice
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A model of justice in which both attorneys fight each other to the best of their abilities
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What is does the typical public offender look like?
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Overworked, underpaid, fails to adequately represent his or her client
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Normal Crime
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David Sudnow: Prosecutors and public offenders typically agree on the nature of a crime given the evidence etc and quickly dispose of the cases through plea bargaining and guilty pleas.
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How do private attorneys act as double agents?
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They are motivated to collect their fees and little more. They frequently recommend guilty pleas to minimize the time they spend on the case.
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How many guilty pleas are reached in plea bargaining?
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90%
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Why would the courts favour plea bargaining?
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It ensures convictions and helps process huge caseloads quickly.
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What factors influence whether a case will go to trial?
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1. Seriousness of the offence
2. Injured victim 3. Strength of evidence 4. Defendant's use of a weapon 5. Defendant's prior history 6. Virtue of the victim |
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What is the benefit of not sending all cases to trial?
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The courts are not equipped to handle every case. Avoiding plea bargaining would slow the system to a halt
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Power-Threat Theory
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Hubert Blalock: Attributes racial prejudice and discrimination to competition for political and economic power.
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What historical evidence supports the power-threat theory?
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In the early 1900s, lynchings tended to accelerate when the price of cotton was falling and threatening whites, before blacks with unemployment (blacks worked for less).
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How does social class influence legal outcomes?
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The wealthy can afford better representation and present themselves to juries more favourably
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What did John Wooldredge conclude about sentencing and area of residence?
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Convicted felons from poorer neighbourhoods are more likely to receive prison time
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How does race affect prosecution for homicide?
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Punishment was most severe if the victim was white. Therefore whites appear to be more harshly treated (intraracial nature of homicide). However, blacks convicted of killing whites were the most harshly treated.
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What are the incarceration rates of Blacks, Latinos, and Whites?
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Black: 30%
Latino: 17% White: 5.9% |
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How did John Hagan account for the higher sentencing rates of Blacks?
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He showed Blacks commit more severe offences and have a longer list of priors
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Liberation Hypothesis
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Spohn and Cederblom: Less serious offences liberate judges to use their discretion and perhaps act on racial prejudice
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How do racial prejudices affect juvenile cases?
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Minority youth in California were twice as likely to be tried as an adult
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According to Zatz, what has the research found with regards to race and sentencing?
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Race affects the following:
- in/out decisions - early stages of the post arrest process - sometimes found when determining sentence length - judgment of less serious offenses |
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How as the war on drugs resulted in racial bias in incarceration?
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It was implemented much more severely on crack users and sellers, who are predominantly black
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How are women treated in the juvenile system?
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More harshly for status offences but slightly less harshly for more serious offenses
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How are women treated in the post arrest process?
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They are 10 to 25% less likely that men with similar offences and priors to be incarcerated.
Once incarcerated, sentence length appears to be the same as for men |
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Evidence against the deterrent effect
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1. decreases in crime rates are not always accompanied by increases in incarceration rates
2. Weak / inconsistent relationship b/w severity of punishment and crime rate 3. Studies of perceptual deterrences do not support deterrence theory 4. Harsher penalties don't always lead to a drop in crime rates 5. Increased prison intake forces increased prisoner early release |
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What are some flawed assumptions of the incapacitation effect?
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1. Prisons are not already full
2. We can identify chronic offenders 3. Imprisoning more people will appreciable affect crime rates |
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3 arguments proponents of the death penalty make?
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1. People convicted of murder deserve execution
2. Death penalty saves money over a lifetime of confinement 3. The death penalty is itself a deterrent |
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What do opponents of the death penalty say?
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1. whether they deserve execution is philosophical
2. Executing a prisoner costs 3 x more than imprisoning him for life 3. States that have changed their death penalty laws, for better or worse, reported no change in homicide rates |
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What is one of the major problems that persists with the death penalty today
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Its arbitrary application
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How does racial discrimination persist in regards to the death penalty?
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While the defendant's race does not seem to be an issue, white victims result in heavier sentences
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How does the victim's race affect the death penalty?
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If the victim is white, prosecutors are 5.5 times more likely to seek the death penalty. Judges are 7 times more likely to impose it.
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How are the poor disadvantaged in death penalty cases.
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They are forced to rely in underpaid public attorneys. Should they choose to appeal their case, they must pay for it themselves or rely on volunteer council.
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How many innocent men do we estimate were executed in the US?
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~23 in the last century; 12 in the last 40 years
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Of all violent victimizations in the US, how many result in incarceration?
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9.4%
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Primary prevention of crime
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Seeks to address features of society, culture, and communities that contribute to high crime rates
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Secondary prevention of crime
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Seeks to address the developmental process, especially those in early childhood
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Tertiary prevention of crime
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Focuses on preventing recidivism or repeat offending by offenders and on protecting society from these offenders
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What are the tree categories of proposal for the prevention of crime?
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1. Social, cultural and community
2. Developmental 3. Criminal Justice |
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What are some of the social, cultural and community crime prevention tactics?
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1. Work to create decent jobs for the poor
2. Provide economic aid to those who cannot find work or escape poverty 3. End racial segregation in housing 4. Restore the social integration 5. Reduce housing and population density 6. Reduce urban neighbourhood dilapidation 7. Change male socialization practices and notions of masculinity 8. Reduce social and economic inequality between men and women |
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What are some developmental crime prevention strategies?
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1. Well funded early childhood intervention programs for high risk children and their families
2. Affordable, high quality day care for all parents who need it 3. Improve the nation's schools, particularly the urban ones 4. Provide prenatal and postnatal nutrition and other health related services 5. Expand the network of pattered women's shelters and rape crisis centres |
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What are some criminal justice approaches to crime reduction?
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1. Reduce reliance on imprisonment and enforce community corrections
2. Make prisons smaller, reduce overcrowding and jail conditions 3. Eliminate "three strikes" and zero tolerance 4. Repeal some drug laws 5. Can the death penalty 6. Expand community policing in hot spots 7. Hire more minority police officers 8. Reduce police brutality and racial profiling 9. Increase gun control efforts 10. Crack down on white collar crime and political corruption |
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Types of rapist - Groth and Birnbaum
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1. Anger Rape
2. Power Rape 3. Sadistic Rape 4. Gan Rape |
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Characteristic of stranger rape
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- More violent
- More dominant in official stats - More likely to involve weapons |
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Characteristics of acquaintance rape
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- Less likely to be reported
- Majority of rapes - About half of reported rapes - Includes family rape |
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When was the marital exemption abolished?
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1983
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Evolutionary theory of rape
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Sexual aggression gives males a reproductive advantage.
However, many rapists lose their erection during the act |
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Male Socialization and Rape
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- Social learning and Pornography
- Violence towards women is common in many popular films - Pornography portrays women in submissive roles - Stereotypes of masculinity |
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What replaced rape laws in Canada
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1983 - 3 degrees of sexual assault
- Common sexual assault - Sexual assault with a weapon - Aggravated sexual assault |
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How many homicides were reported in Canada in 2006?
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605
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Rate the following from highest to lowest in homicide rates.
Man, BC, Sk, NF, PEI, NS |
Sask: 4.06
Manitoba: 3.31 BC: 2.51 NS: 1.71 NFld: 1.37 PEI: .72 |
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In Canada, what are the most popular methods of killing?
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Stabbing 35%
Firearms 31% Beating 19% Strangulation 8% |
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In 2006, how many homicides were solved, who committed them?
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35% acquaintance
37% family member 17% stranger 83% total |
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What was striking about the investigation of the Paul Bernardo murders
|
After two young white girls went missing, the police assembled a special task force.
In BC, over 20 aboriginal prostitutes had to go missing before they got a task force |
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What style of video game is GTA?
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a sandbox game
|
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What did Dr. Valerie Steves set out to discover about girls who played GTA?
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She was interested in what the game meant to women who played it.
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What were some common thoughts the girl players of GTA shared?
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- disliked bimbo characters
- approved of violence against them - saw it as a driving game - hated "pink" games - everyone accepted the violence against women in the game |
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What were some broad conclusions about the GTA study?
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1. Relationship b/w gender and violence is complicated
2. Gender inequality is complicated. Both men and women are degraded in this game. 3. Virtual violence is more about inhabiting a character and having power than it is about hurting someone |
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What does MS-13 stand for?
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Mara Salvatrucha
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What is the focus of the MS-13
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Protecting their own against other gangs. They do not seem to be motivated by profit or drugs.
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How is the MS-13 distributed?
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They are scattered throughout Salvador in small pockets called Cliquas
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How does one join the MS-13
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Must kill a member of the 18th street gang
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What is the value of the MS-13 to the government?
|
They can be blamed for the drug traffic the government is supposedly responsible for
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How do women join the MS-13
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They can either be beaten or raped
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What are some forms of white-collar crime discussed in class?
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- Stings and swindles
- Chiseling - Exploitation of office - Influence peddling - Embezzlement - Client fraud - Corporate crime |
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What are some common internet crimes?
|
- Pornography
- Child pornography - Cyber stalking - Hate crimes - Scams |
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What are some forms of computer crime?
|
- Theft of services
- Misuse of data - Fraud to obtain assets - Viruses |
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According to Benson and Moore, what are the three types of white collar criminal?
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1. Impulsive, low self-control
2. Calculating, low self-control 3. Opportunistic, medium self-control |
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What security measures did ??? Traub argue should be more prevalent in business?
|
- Screening and education
- Background Checks - Personality tests - Whistle blowing - Anonymous hotlines |
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What are proactive preventive strategies to reduce white collar crime?
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- Economic incentives to obey the law
- Administrative agencies, legislation, fines - Government contracts awarded based on compliance |
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How did the Mafia get its start?
|
The mafia was a paramilitary group who fought the French occupation
|
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What are some characteristics of OC
|
Conspiratorial
- coordinated activities - specialization - hierarchy |
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What are some goals of OC
|
Profit
Control legitimate business |
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What are some tactics used by OC
|
Intimidation
Violence Corruption |
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Emerging trends in OC
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- International cooperation among groups
- Use of cell structure vice hierarchy - Entering the arms market - Entering the toxic waste disposal market |
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According to the Canadian Criminal code, what are some examples of peace officer?
|
- mayor, warden
- police officer, bailiff, constable - customs officer - fisheries official - pilot in command of an aircraft |
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What are peace officers entitled to enforce?
|
Only that legislation within their jurisdiction
|
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What are some fundamental rights canadians have?
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- Right to life, liberty, and security
- Security agains unreasonable search or seizure - Right not to be arbitrarily imprisoned |
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What are our rights on arrest?
|
- To be informed promptly of the reason
- To retain and instruct counsel - To have validity of detention (habeas corpus) and to be released if detention is not lawful |
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How many police in Canada?
|
62,000
|
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How many RCMP?
|
16,000
|
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What is the motto of the RCMP
|
Peace order and good governance
|
|
What was the traditional role of the female police officer?
|
The meter maid
|
|
How much did the Cdn government spend on policing in Canada?
|
9.3 Billion
|
|
How much of the police budget goes to wages and pensions?
|
30%-50%
|
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Roles and Responsibilities of the Police
|
- Identify and apprehend offenders
- Reduce opportunities for crime - Help those in danger - Protect the constitutional guarantees - Facilitate the mvmt of people and vehicles - Help those who can't help themselves - Resolve conflict - Create and maintain community security - Promote and preserve civil orde - Provide other emergency services |
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Characteristics of the Royal Irish Constabulary
|
1812
- military emphasis - strong connection to Canada |
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Characteristics of the London Metropolitan Police
|
1829
- Civilan emphasis - development of policing principles |
|
Military emphasis of the Royal Irish Constabulary (3)
|
- Armed
- Uniformed - Barracked |
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Paraphrased, what are Sir Robert Peel's 9 principles of policing?
|
1. Prevent crime and disorder
2. Understand you work for the public 3. Secure willing cooperation of the public 4. Use of physical force diminishes willing cooperation of the public 5. Seek and preserve public favour through exemplary behaviour 6. Use force as a last resort 7. Maintain a constructive relationship with the public 8. Adhere strictly to police-executive functions 9. Success is the absence of crime and disorder, not the presence of police action |
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When was the RCMP established?
|
Just after the American Civil war. They were to be a rapid response force to potential US incursions. 300 of them. Dressed in red to mobilize local natives.
|
|
Who policed lower and upper Canada?
|
The dominion police. They followed the London Metropolitan model
|
|
How did the role of the RCMP change in the early 20th century?
|
- used to break strikes and riots
- assumed provincial policing duties - war time mounties |
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What new roles did the RCMP assume in the mid 20th century?
|
- Surveillance and intelligence
|
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What new role did the RCMO assume in the late 20th century?
|
Contract Policing
|
|
What is the annual cost of the Cdn Prison system?
|
2 Billion
|
|
How many prisoners are incarcerated in Canada?
|
~12,700
80% in med to high security |
|
What are the two apparently opposing goals of the prison system?
|
To punish and to rehabilitate
|
|
Of the 15 women held in maximum security, how many are native?
|
12
|
|
How many correctional officers are there in the system?
|
~5500
|