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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Statement (claim) |
an assertion that something is or is not the case |
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Premise |
a statement given in support of another statement |
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Conclusion |
a statement that premises are used to support |
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Argument |
a group of statements in which some of them (the premises) are intended to support another of them (the conclusion) |
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Explanation |
a statement or statements asserting why or how something is the case |
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Indicator Words |
words that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present |
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Critical Thinking |
a systematic evaluation of beliefs & statements by rational standards |
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Logic |
the study of good reasoning, or inference, and the rules that govern it |
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Inference |
a process of reasoning from a premise(s) to a conclusion based on those premises |
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Peer pressure |
when the pressure to conform comes from your peers |
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Appeal to Popularity |
when the pressure comes from the mere popularity of a belief |
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Appeal to Common Practice |
when the pressure comes from what groups of people do or how they behave |
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Stereotyping |
drawing conclusions about people without sufficient reasons |
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Subjective Relativism |
the idea that truth depends on what someone beliefs |
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Subjective Fallacy |
if you accept the notion of subjective relativism and use it to try to support a claim |
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Philosophical Skepticism |
the belief that we know much less than we think we do or nothing at all |
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Social Relativism |
the view that truth is relative to societies |
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Deductive Argument |
1) is intended to provide logically conclusive support for it's conclusion 2) uses sound/unsound 3) uses valid/invalid |
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Inductive Argument |
1) is intended to provide probable - not conclusive - support for it's conclusion 2) uses cogent/uncogent 3) uses weak/strong |
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Valid |
1) a deductive argument that succeeds in providing such decisive logical support 2) must have true premises and a true conclusion 3) it is impossible to be valid with true premises and a false conclusion |
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Invalid |
a deductive argument that fails to provide support |
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Strong |
an inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable, logical support for it's conclusion |
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Weak |
an inductive argument that fails to provide probable, logical support |
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Sound |
a deductively valid argument that has true premises |
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Cogent |
when inductively strong arguments have true premises |
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Conditional |
an if-then premises |
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Antecedent |
the first part of the conditional phrase (the if part) |
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Consequent |
the second part of the conditional phrase (the then part) |
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Syllogism |
a deductive argument made of two premises and a conclusion |
