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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Independent reasons
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Discard one reason and the other would still support the argument
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jointly (reasons)
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If one reason is taken away, the argument no longer works.
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Ad hominem
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Criticising some feature of the ORIGINATOR of an idea so that people dismiss the whole argument without giving it serious thought
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Straw Man
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criticising some minor weaknesses in the author's argument and using it as a means of discrediting the whole argument.
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Slipperly Slope/ thin edge of the wedge
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starts with a moderate claim and ends with an alarming one. A cause could be moral panics in the media The flaw is that at one or mork links in the chain the arguer makes an imaginative leap that might not be justified. the arguer assumes something negativ will happen (when it might not) or that it will affect huge numbers or people when it might only happen to a few.
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Tu quoque
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deflecting what sounds like criticism by accusing the critic of being guilty of the same/similar faults.
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Appeals to emotion
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persuade us by arousing our feelings, instead of convincing us by a rational argument. loaded lanuguage rather than logical reasoning to manipulate emotions of readers.
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Ambiguity
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using a key word in a vague or misleading way. might create a false impression accidentally or on purpose.
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Circular Argument - begging the question.
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appears at first to offer useful/new information - line of reasoning only leads back to the beginning-nothing is learnt or proved-avoids question rather than answering it.
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Correlation
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cause confusion- if two factors are found to correlate, one has caused the other-cannot be proved beyond doubt.
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Post hoc flaw
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Automatically assuming that a phenomenon is causeds by something that procedes it e.g. lucky charms-pleasing circumstances come from having-unlikely the charm is cause of that effect.
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Denying the antecedent (formal fallacy)
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two-part rpediction that is accepted as true, then creating a negative version of each half-suggesting falsely that it will be true. if you wear a hat when you go out, your head will be warm-opposite not true-if you dont wear a hat when you go out, your head will b cold.
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Neccessary and sufficient conditions confused
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neccessary condition:- one needed in order for something to happen - pass a test to be able to drive (legally)
sufficient: - that guarantees the next step will happen - passing test is neccessary- wouldnt be enouigh to drive on public roads if u dont have an insured car. |
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Over-generalisation
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universal claim that may not be true for all examples. When some evidence is provided from one source based on research in one place. This is likely to be the case with all evidence from the social sciences. Predictions about the futures without sufficient evidence: - found in media, arouses people’s fear unnecessarily. Terrorist attacks- predicted to continue at an escalating rate, whereas they might be infrequent phenomena.
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Restricting the options:
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forward a limited number of possibilities, usually two, from which the listener is invited to choose usually one option, are unattractive, so the other is the one that the listener chooses. If listener doesn’t think clearly enough to realise that other possibilities exist, he/she, may be misled into choosing against hiss/her better judgement. To some extent, this occurs in general elections.
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Moral principles
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- people consider so important that they use it to guide their behaviour in a range of circumstances. Principles can be considered when the government has to make difficult decisions.
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Human rights Act:- (7)
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Everyone should be treated equally by the law
Everyone should be free from discrimination People should be able to enjoy privacy in their homes and private lives People should have free choice of religion and be allowed to follow their conscience All should have freedom of expression Everyone should have the right to food and shelter and social security Everyone has the right to an education |
