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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who is one considered one of the first Modern philosophers? |
Descartes |
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why? |
critical method - using doubt to find certainty 'the Cogito' - cogito ergo sum, I think therefore I am |
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what were the two groups of thinkers post-Kant? |
marx and hegel - similar dialectical method, belief that Reason was a way the world moved through History toward liberation and freedom schopenhaeur, nietzsche, and freud - conscious world as a force of unconscious motivations and forces which employ deliberate delusions to survive |
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what are some ways of thinking about dialectics? |
thesis + anti-thesis = synthesis subject + object = synthesized being + nothing = becoming idea + world = experience universality + particular = experience |
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which two thinkers employ dialectical reasoning? |
marx (materialism) and hegel (idealism) |
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what is idealism? |
primacy to the idea (Absolute, a priori, etc) |
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what is materialism? |
primacy to the objective, material world |
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how does marx analyze society? |
into two structures: infrastructure (material means of social production, relations of production) and superstructure (legal social relations, ideological political formations, forms of consciousness, etc) |
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how is ideology defined and who developed it? |
"an imaginary relationship to real conditions" - Louis Althusser marx developed it; overseen by superstructure which then affects infrastructure (give and take) |
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what time period did Modernity proper begin, and what was it characterized by? |
1840s-ish, experiences of time (personal imaginative unfolding of time [cultural modernity], experience of objective modernity and its pace) |
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what other two aspects of Modernity and time are important? |
time as Historical, Leonard's notion of what defines a culture's temporality |
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how was History seen in Modernity? |
a singular explaining force, History was a progressive movement, goal oriented (toward absolute and freedom [Hegel] or revolution and classless society [Marx] or progression of tech, economy, etc. to supporting everything [bourgeois]) |
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what is a temporality? |
an experience of time resulting from the culture and structure of society, and how those structures force us to relate and adapt to our conditions; we sync our behaviour to the structure of the world |
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what is morality for nietzsche and freud? |
accumulation of cultural prohibitions based on pragmatic considerations over time and internalization of rules and threat of punishment (both forms of adaption) |
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how does nietzsche feel about it? |
values become both more interiorized while related to a fictional world outside of time and space; values outside the world so meaning dissolves (passive nihilism) |
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what did nietzsche think was the real motivating force for our actions? |
the will to power, denied in current moral state; through revaluation and will to power you could strive to become a becoming of one's self, to love one's fate (Amor Fati = love your fate) |
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how does freud feel about it? |
development of personality is how we adapt to demands of reality by repressing immediate urges and fears; repression results in conscious and unconscious and is the withholding and redirecting of desires, fears, and wishes |
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what is the unconscious? |
where desires, fears, wishes, etc we can't face or which threaten our Ego reside |
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what is sublimation? |
redirection of impulses toward different things; satisfaction through other means |
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what is the ego? |
mediator between desires (pleasure principle) and reality |
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what is the id? |
basic drives oriented toward pleasure principle |
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what is the superego? |
ideals, idea of perfection, conscience; opposition to id |
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darwin's ideas? |
life forms evolve from one species to another when forced to adapt to changes in environment, those with traits that work survive and those without those traits do not; relationship to habitat determines viability and potential for survival |
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what is "art for art's sake?" |
artists trying to find art free from value from other "profane" sources; art seeking autonomy |
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how did the Historical Avant Garde see autonomy? |
a result of historical conditions; seeking "autonomy" in art perpetuated material and institutional problems so radically critical of the word "art" |
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Avant Garde vs. Historical Avant Garde? |
Avant Garde - critical aesthetic perspective, can include modernist strategies Historical Avant Garde - radically critical but aware of their situation in history and the the nature of History as a political narrative subject to critique; anti-art, anti-institution |
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what is modernist aesthetic strategy? |
search for autonomy, be free of bourgeois values |
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what is the modernist condition? |
experience of life synced to capitalist modes of living, dissolution/marginalization of mythic, traditional systems of value |
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what is modernist (pro)? |
we are progressive, History is our tool, Self is a willing subject, wills itself into being |
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what were critical modernists? |
History tells a story under the story, political through means of telling, Self is a subject of the forces under the surface of the every day |
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what happened after wwii? |
american art became dominant, "triumph of new york" as the rise of abstract expressionism |
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who propounded formalism? and what is formalism? |
clement greenberg; strong works of art should only be concerned with qualities intrinsic to its own medium and only that medium |
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what is semiotics? |
way of understanding language as a system of signs, signifier vs. signified |
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what is the signifier? |
material of the sign: sound, light, touch, taste, smell etc |
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what is the signified? |
the concept of the sign, the meaning it holds |
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what did Pop Art introduce to signs? |
materiality, interplay with the system that makes up the sign |
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what was Pop Art's material? |
the culture of contemporary life, its signs and symbols, its proliferation and desires |
